Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemical compound
Tetraethyllead (commonly styled tetraethyl lead), abbreviated TEL, is an organolead compound with the formula Pb(C2H5)4. It is a fuel additive, first being mixed with gasoline beginning in the 1920s as a patented octane rating booster that allowed engine compression to be raised substantially. This in turn increased vehicle performance and fuel economy.[3][4] TEL was first synthesised by German chemist Carl Jacob Löwig in 1853. American chemical engineer Thomas Midgley Jr., who was working for General Motors, was the first to discover its effectiveness as an antiknock agent in 1921, after spending several years attempting to find an additive that was both highly effective and inexpensive.
Concerns were later raised over the toxic effects of lead, especially on children.[5] On cars not designed to operate on leaded gasoline, lead and lead oxides coat the catalyst in catalytic converters, rendering them ineffective, and can sometimes foul spark plugs.[6] Starting in the 1970s, many countries began phasing out TEL in automotive fuel. In 2011 a study, backed by the United Nations, estimated that the removal of TEL had resulted in $2.4 trillion in annual benefits, and 1.2 million fewer premature deaths.[7]
TEL is still used as an additive in some grades of aviation fuel. Innospec has claimed to be the last firm legally making TEL but, as of 2013[update], TEL was being produced illegally by several companies in China.[8] In July 2021, the sale of leaded gasoline for cars was completely phased out worldwide, prompting the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to declare an "official end" of its use in cars on August 30, 2021.[9]
^ abcdefgNIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0601". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ abcd"Tetraethyl lead". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^"Tetra-Ethyl Lead as an Addition to Petrol". British Medical Journal. 1 (3504): 366–7. 3 March 1928. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3504.366. PMC 2455205. PMID 20773729.
^"After Lead?", Popular Science (October 1987 ed.), Bonnier Corporation, p. 94, October 1987
^"LEAD EXPOSURE IN CHILDHOOD LINKED TO LOWER IQ, LOWER STATUS: Leaded gasoline creates a natural experiment in long-term study". Duke University. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^Operator's Manual: Army Model U-8F Aircraft. Headquarters, Department of the Army (U.S.). 21 March 1978. p. 2−15.
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Chung, Kevin (16 August 2013). TEL for MOGAS manufacture in China (PDF) (Report). Summer Hill, NSW, Australia: The LEAD Group, Inc. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^"It's official: You can't buy leaded gasoline for cars anywhere on Earth". cbc.ca. CBC News. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
Tetraethyllead (commonly styled tetraethyl lead), abbreviated TEL, is an organolead compound with the formula Pb(C2H5)4. It is a fuel additive, first being...
Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso). General Motors had the "use patent" for tetraethyllead (TEL) as an antiknock, based on the work of Thomas Midgley Jr., Charles...
refer to engine knocking). Notable early antiknock agents, especially Tetraethyllead, added to gasoline included large amounts of toxic lead. The chemical...
tetramethyllead and tetraethyllead, are the best-known organolead compounds. These compounds are relatively stable: tetraethyllead only starts to decompose...
compound with chemical formula CH3CH2Cl, once widely used in producing tetraethyllead, a gasoline additive. It is a colorless, flammable gas or refrigerated...
[page needed] In 1921, Thomas Midgley Jr., an engineer for GM, discovered tetraethyllead (leaded gasoline) as an antiknock agent, and GM patented the compound...
Related compounds Tetraethylsilane Tetraethylgermanium Tetraethyltin Tetraethyllead Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their...
Leaded fishing weights accumulate in rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes. Tetraethyllead was first added to gasoline in 1923, as it helped prevent engine knocking...
indigo, and triphenylphosphine. A once-common use was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium...
load. Its advantage is that it is non-toxic, non-corrosive and free of tetraethyllead or any additives, and has a high octane rating (102–108 RON depending...
triethylaluminium, butyllithium), with a few exceptions (i.e. dimethylmercury and tetraethyllead) Copper fuel cell catalysts (zinc oxide, aluminium oxide) Grignard reagents...
lead during childhood (due to the use of leaded paint in houses and tetraethyllead as a gasoline additive in internal combustion engines). Murder rates...
needed). The "low percentage" solution ultimately led to the discovery of tetraethyllead (TEL) in December 1921, a product of the research of Midgley and Boyd...
human body, and his subsequent activism was seminal in the banning of tetraethyllead in gasoline and lead solder in food cans. He was born in Mitchellville...
in spark-ignited internal combustion engine, which usually contains tetraethyllead (TEL), a toxic substance added to prevent engine knocking), and the...
such as organolead and organomercury compounds, are toxicity hazards. Tetraethyllead was prepared for use as a gasoline additive but has fallen into disuse...
Azerbaijan Tel River, in Orissa, India Technology-Enhanced Learning Tetraethyllead, a gasoline additive to make leaded gasoline ETV6, previously known...
(PEA); see also Techron Polyisobutyleneamine (PIBA) Antiknock agents Tetraethyllead (TEL), now banned almost everywhere for causing brain damage. Methylcyclopentadienyl...
concentrations. Most light piston aircraft burn avgas, which contains tetraethyllead (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded...
that humanity should ban fossil fuels, just at it had earlier banned tetraethyllead (TEL) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). Amos, Jonathan (2020-05-01). "High...
with alkyl halides to form organometallic compounds of lead such as tetraethyllead. There are three oxides known: PbO, Pb3O4 (sometimes called "minium")...