Amoebozoa of the free living genus Acanthamoeba and the social amoeba genus Dictyostelium are single celled eukaryotic organisms that feed on bacteria, fungi, and algae through phagocytosis, with digestion occurring in phagolysosomes. Amoebozoa are present in most terrestrial ecosystems including soil and freshwater.[1] Amoebozoa contain a vast array of symbionts that range from transient to permanent infections, confer a range of effects from mutualistic to pathogenic, and can act as environmental reservoirs for animal pathogenic bacteria.[2] As single celled phagocytic organisms, amoebas simulate the function and environment of immune cells like macrophages, and as such their interactions with bacteria and other microbes are of great importance in understanding functions of the human immune system, as well as understanding how microbiomes can originate in eukaryotic organisms. [3][4]
^Schmitz-Esser, Stephan; Toenshoff, Elena R.; Haider, Susanne; Heinz, Eva; Hoenninger, Verena M.; Wagner, Michael; Horn, Matthias (2008-09-15). "Diversity of Bacterial Endosymbionts of Environmental Acanthamoeba Isolates". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (18): 5822–5831. Bibcode:2008ApEnM..74.5822S. doi:10.1128/AEM.01093-08. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2547052. PMID 18641160.
^Guimaraes, Allan J.; Gomes, Kamilla Xavier; Cortines, Juliana Reis; Peralta, José Mauro; Peralta, Regina H. Saramago (2016-12-01). "Acanthamoeba spp. as a universal host for pathogenic microorganisms: One bridge from environment to host virulence". Microbiological Research. 193: 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2016.08.001. ISSN 0944-5013. PMID 27825484.
^Arthofer, Patrick; Delafont, Vincent; Willemsen, Anouk; Panhölzl, Florian; Horn, Matthias (2022-09-06). "Defensive symbiosis against giant viruses in amoebae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (36): e2205856119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11905856A. doi:10.1073/pnas.2205856119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9457554. PMID 36037367.
^Brock, Debra A.; Haselkorn, Tamara S.; Garcia, Justine R.; Bashir, Usman; Douglas, Tracy E.; Galloway, Jesse; Brodie, Fisher; Queller, David C.; Strassmann, Joan E. (2018). "Diversity of Free-Living Environmental Bacteria and Their Interactions With a Bactivorous Amoeba". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 8: 411. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00411. ISSN 2235-2988. PMC 6266680. PMID 30533398.
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digestion occurring in phagolysosomes. Amoebozoa are present in most terrestrial ecosystems including soil and freshwater. Amoebozoa contain a vast array...
similarities in morphology and lifestyle, the slime molds (mycetozoans, plasmodiophorids, acrasids, Fonticula and labyrinthulids, now inAmoebozoa, Rhizaria...
ciliate group. Paramecium are widespread in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments and are often abundant in stagnant basins and ponds. Because some...
Latorre A, Durban A, Moya A, Pereto J (2011). "The role of symbiosisin eukaryotic evolution". In Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, Martin H (eds.). Origins and...
interest to science as the cause of serious human and livestock diseases. Amoebozoa are a group of motile amoeboid protists, members of this group move or...
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Fusulinids are the earliest lineage of foraminifera thought to have evolved symbiosis with photosynthetic organisms. Fossils of fusulinids have been found on...
(but not all) mosses in that their leaves never have a costa (present in many mosses) and may bear marginal cilia (very rare in mosses). Other differences...
all of their own cellulolytic functions and so some Streptomyces do so insymbiosis with the wasps. Book et al. have investigated several of these symbioses...
bacteria that live insymbiosis with actinorhizal plants, similar to the Rhizobium bacteria found in the root nodules of legumes in the family Fabaceae...
pachyptila) may use the rTCA cycle in addition to the CBB cycle, and may express these two different pathways simultaneously. Symbiosis is a close and a long-term...
against parasitic nematodes. This interaction is an example of defensive symbiosis, where the fitness of the symbiont is intricately tied to the fitness...
grow exponentially . Sulfurimonas is a genus that is commonly observed insymbiosis with other organisms, mostly marine ringed worms. Sulfurimonas paralvinellae...
aerobic to microaerophilic, soil-inhabiting mesophilic organisms that are insymbiosis with pioneer plants. List of bacterial orders List of bacteria genera...
; Durban, A; Moya, A.; Pereto, J. (2011). "The role of symbiosisin eukaryotic evolution". In Gargaud, Muriel; López-Garcìa, Purificacion; Martin H. (eds...
shape and thousands of flagella make it an easily recognizable cell. The symbiosis between lower termites/wood roaches and Trichonympha is highly beneficial...
Equals One: Symbiosis and the evolution of complex life Vries, Jan de; Gould, Sven B. (15 January 2018). "The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant...
outside the cell membrane. Chloroplasts are derived from what was once a symbiosis of a non-photosynthetic cell and photosynthetic cyanobacteria. The cell...
raw puffer fish served in Japan). As mentioned above, Vibrionaceae bacteria are insymbiosis with many marine organisms. In the case of the puffer fish...
free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil or water such as Azotobacter, or by those that live in close symbiosis with leguminous plants, such as rhizobia...
cause of luminous vibriosis in shrimp (prawns). Aliivibrio fischeri (or V. fischeri) is known for its mutualistic symbiosis with the Hawaiian bobtail squid...
Aplanochytrium is found exclusively in marine environments and lives on diverse host organisms. The symbiosis between Aplanochytrium cells and the host...
cyanobiont specificity, and cyanobiont seasonality) of the symbiosis involved, particularly in relation to dinoflagellate host. Some cyanobacteria – even...
ISBN 978-1-60358-136-3. Keeble, Frederick (1912). Plant-animals: a study insymbiosis. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–4. OCLC 297937639. Solomon...
of thermal tolerance and in identifying the ecology and distribution of thermally tolerant symbiont species. The symbiosis Symbodinium-coral could provide...
Jellyfish: The Symbiosis Case Study of Host-Specialized Dinoflagellates, "Zooxanthellae", and the Scyphozoan Cotylorhiza tuberculata". Frontiers in Marine Science...
Candidatus Epixenosoma, are a genus of bacteria in the phylum Verrucomicrobiota that form a symbiosis with marine ciliates of the genus Euplotidium, where...
of Flavonoid Biosynthesis: A Bryophyte Perspective Meeks, JC (1998). "Symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and plants". BioScience. 48 (4):...
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