This article is about the genus sometimes called Zoox. For the company, see Zoox (company).
Symbiodinium
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Clade:
Diaphoretickes
Clade:
SAR
Clade:
Alveolata
Phylum:
Myzozoa
Superclass:
Dinoflagellata
Class:
Dinophyceae
Order:
Suessiales
Family:
Symbiodiniaceae
Genus:
Symbiodinium Freudenthal, 1962 [1]
Species
See text
Symbiodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates that encompasses the largest and most prevalent group of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates known and have photosymbiotic relationships with many species. These unicellular microalgae commonly reside in the endoderm of tropical cnidarians such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish, where the products of their photosynthetic processing are exchanged in the host for inorganic molecules. They are also harbored by various species of demosponges, flatworms, mollusks such as the giant clams, foraminifera (soritids), and some ciliates. Generally, these dinoflagellates enter the host cell through phagocytosis, persist as intracellular symbionts, reproduce, and disperse to the environment. The exception is in most mollusks, where these symbionts are intercellular (between the cells). Cnidarians that are associated with Symbiodinium occur mostly in warm oligotrophic (nutrient-poor), marine environments where they are often the dominant constituents of benthic communities. These dinoflagellates are therefore among the most abundant eukaryotic microbes found in coral reef ecosystems.
Symbiodinium are colloquially called zooxanthellae, and animals symbiotic with algae in this genus are said to be "zooxanthellate". The term was loosely used to refer to any golden-brown endosymbionts, including diatoms and other dinoflagellates. Continued use of the term in the scientific literature is discouraged because of the confusion caused by overly generalizing taxonomically diverse symbiotic relationships.[2]
In 2018, the systematics of Symbiodiniaceae was revised, and the distinct clades have been reassigned into seven genera.[3] Following this revision, the name Symbiodinium is now sensu stricto a genus name for only species that were previously classified as Clade A.[3] The other clades were reclassified as distinct genera (see Molecular Systematics below).
Light and confocal images of Symbiodinium cells in hospite (living in a host cell) within scyphistomae of the jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana. This animal requires infection by these algae to complete its life cycle. The chloroplast imaged in 3-D is highly reticulated and distributed around the cell's periphery
^Guiry, Michael D. (2014). "Symbiodinium Freudenthal, 1962". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2015-01-29.
^Blank, Rudolf J.; Trench, Robert K. (May 1986). "Nomenclature of Endosymbiotic Dinoflagellates". Taxon. 35 (2): 286–94. doi:10.2307/1221270. JSTOR 1221270.
^ abLaJeunesse, Todd C.; Parkinson, John E.; Gabrielson, Paul W.; Jeong, Hae Jin; Reimer, James D.; Voolstra, Christian R.; Santos, Scott R. (2018). "Systematic revision of Symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts". Current Biology. 28 (16): P2570–2580. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.008. hdl:10754/630499. PMID 30100341.
Symbiodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates that encompasses the largest and most prevalent group of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates known and have photosymbiotic...
jellyfish, and nudibranchs. Most known zooxanthellae are in the genus Symbiodinium, but some are known from the genus Amphidinium, and other taxa, as yet...
bivalve molluscs in the family Cardiidae, the cockles. They maintain Symbiodinium dinoflagellates as symbionts. Species in the genus Corculum are: Corculum...
strategies of symbiodinium uptake by anthozoans. Individuals can either take symbiodinium from the maternal colony, or they can uptake new symbiodinium from the...
nutrients from photosynthetic unicellular dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium that live within their tissues. These are commonly known as zooxanthellae...
dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium. Some jellyfish (class Scyphozoa) in the genus Cassiopea (upside-down jellyfish) also possess Symbiodinium. Certain species...
the genus Symbiodinium; however, recent genetic analysis has led to a taxonomic reorganization with several former members of Symbiodinium (previously...
Durusdinium trenchii (formerly Symbiodinium trenchi) is an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate, a unicellular alga which commonly resides in the tissues of tropical...
are members within Symbiodiniaceae (e.g. the genus Symbiodinium). The association between Symbiodinium and reef-building corals is widely known. However...
often contain symbiotic dinoflagellate unicellular algae of the genus Symbiodinium living inside nutritive cells. The symbionts provide food mainly in the...
ectosymbiosis; when one partner lives inside the tissues of another, such as Symbiodinium within coral, it is termed endosymbiosis. The definition of symbiosis...
of the cerata contain nematocysts. Algal zooxanthellae of the genus Symbiodinium derived from the food of these animals continue to photosynthesise inside...
faveolata has a symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium. These symbionts are commonly known as zooxanthellae and large numbers...
Unusually, these acoels harbor two genera of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates: Symbiodinium and Amphidinium; it is not typical for two different genera of dinoflagellates...
the genus of Neptunomonas which has been isolated from the eukaryota Symbiodinium from Puerto Rico. Parte, A.C. "Neptunomonas". LPSN. "Neptunomonas phycophila"...
orders within the division Chlorophyta) some dinoflagellates, notably Symbiodinium some chrysophytes some xanthophytes the diatoms the superfamily Coccoidea...
symbiotic relationship with microscopic algae (dinoflagellates) of the genus Symbiodinium, commonly referred to as zooxanthellae. These organisms live within the...
invertebrates. These symbioses affect organisms with global impact, including Symbiodinium (corals), or Wolbachia (insects). Many insect agricultural pests and...
particulate mucus,</ref> as well as cellular material such as expelled Symbiodinium. Organic matter could be transferred from corals to sponges by all these...
require endosymbiotic algae from the genus Symbiodinium to be in a healthy condition. The loss of Symbiodinium from the host is known as coral bleaching...
drifting past on the current. Its tissues contain symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp., which are photosynthetic and use sunlight to create organic carbon...
well as the Caribbean. Prior to 2018, Durusdinium were classified as Symbiodinium Clade D. Durusdinium trenchii Guiry, Michael D. (2022). "Durusdinium...
more unusual, including some that are colonial, amoeboid, or parasitic. Symbiodinium contains the symbiotic zooxanthellae. The non-photosynthetic members...
have been found to simultaneously live in the parenchyma of W. litus: Symbiodinium and Amphidinium. Winsor, Leigh (1990). "Marine Turbellaria (Acoela) from...
Michael; Pochon, Xavier (2008-07-02). "Specificity in communities of Symbiodinium in corals from Johnston Atoll" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series...
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