Euglena is a genus of single cell flagellate eukaryotes. It is the best known and most widely studied member of the class Euglenoidea, a diverse group containing some 54 genera and at least 200 species.[1][2] Species of Euglena are found in fresh water and salt water. They are often abundant in quiet inland waters where they may bloom in numbers sufficient to color the surface of ponds and ditches green (E. viridis) or red (E. sanguinea).[3]
The species Euglena gracilis has been used extensively in the laboratory as a model organism.[4]
Most species of Euglena have photosynthesizing chloroplasts within the body of the cell, which enable them to feed by autotrophy, like plants. However, they can also take nourishment heterotrophically, like animals. Since Euglena have features of both animals and plants, early taxonomists, working within the Linnaean two-kingdom system of biological classification, found them difficult to classify.[5][6] It was the question of where to put such "unclassifiable" creatures that prompted Ernst Haeckel to add a third living kingdom (a fourth kingdom in toto) to the Animale, Vegetabile (and Lapideum meaning Mineral) of Linnaeus: the Kingdom Protista.[7]
^"The Euglenoid Project: Alphabetic Listing of Taxa". The Euglenoid Project. Partnership for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved Sep 20, 2014.
^"The Euglenoid Project for Teachers". The Euglenoid Project for Teachers. Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved Sep 20, 2014.
^Wolosski, Konrad (2002-04-25). "Phylum Euglenophyta". In John, David M.; Whitton, Brian A.; Brook, Alan J. (eds.). The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: an Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-521-77051-4.
^Russell, A. G.; Watanabe, Y; Charette, JM; Gray, MW (2005). "Unusual features of fibrillarin cDNA and gene structure in Euglena gracilis: Evolutionary conservation of core proteins and structural predictions for methylation-guide box C/D snoRNPs throughout the domain Eucarya". Nucleic Acids Research. 33 (9): 2781–91. doi:10.1093/nar/gki574. PMC 1126904. PMID 15894796.
^Margulis, Lynn (2007). "Power to the Protoctists". In Margulis, Lynn; Sagan, Dorion (eds.). Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature. White River Junction: Chelsea Green. pp. 29–35. ISBN 978-1-60358-136-3.
^Keeble, Frederick (1912). Plant-animals: a study in symbiosis. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–4. OCLC 297937639.
^Solomon, Eldra Pearl; Berg, Linda R.; Martin, Diana W., eds. (2005). "Kingdoms or Domains?". Biology (7th ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole Thompson Learning. pp. 421–7. ISBN 978-0-534-49276-2.
Euglena is a genus of single cell flagellate eukaryotes. It is the best known and most widely studied member of the class Euglenoidea, a diverse group...
Euglena gracilis is a freshwater species of single-celled alga in the genus Euglena. It has secondary chloroplasts, and is a mixotroph able to feed by...
Euglena viridis is a freshwater, single cell, mixotroph microalgae bearing a secondary chloroplast. Their chloroplast is bounded by three layers of membrane...
Euglena sanguinea is a species of the genus Euglena. The red colour is due to the presence of astaxanthin and the cells can be populous enough to colour...
ethical issues involved in their use. Euglena gracilis is a motile, freshwater, photosynthetic flagellate. Although Euglena is rather tolerant to acidity, it...
Paramylon is a carbohydrate similar to starch. The chloroplasts found in Euglena contain chlorophyll which aids in the synthesis of carbohydrates to be...
classifying euglenids was done by Ehrenberg in 1830, when he described the genus Euglena and placed it in the Polygastrica of family Astasiae, containing other...
photosynthetic, and in these, the mechanism is not fully understood. In Euglena gracilis, the rate of swimming has been shown to speed up with increased...
plasma membrane overlaying the pigmented bodies. The eyespot apparatus of Euglena comprises the paraflagellar body connecting the eyespot to the flagellum...
phylum Euglenozoa. The family includes the most well-known euglenoid genus, Euglena. The family Euglenaceae is also known by the name Euglenidae. The origin...
the opening and closing of flowers (photonastic response), movement of euglena, chlamydomonas towards the source of light [citation needed]. They are...
1758 (Opisthokonta), Dictyostelium discoideum Raper 1935 (Amoebozoa) or Euglena gracilis Klebs 1883 (Excavata). This is a branch-based definition in which...
animal groups, and are common among unicellular organisms, including euglena. The euglena's eyespot, called a stigma, is located at its anterior end. It is...
they are multinucleate. Some euglenophytes, such as certain species of Euglena, reach lengths of 400 μm. The largest species traditionally considered...
heterotrophy. Traditional textbook examples of protozoa are Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena and Trypanosoma. The word "protozoa" (singular protozoon) was coined in...
with Plaut in 1958 in the Journal of Protozoology, was on the genetics of Euglena, flagellates which have features of both animals and plants.) She then...
and are still being used today. The discovery of microorganisms such as Euglena that did not fit into either the animal or plant kingdoms, since they were...
periplast covering. The Dinophyceae have a type called the amphiesma, and the Euglena covering is the pellicle. The periplast is a proteinaceous covering. It...
symbiosis with other organisms. Mixoplankton Tintinnid ciliate Favella Euglena mutabilis, a photosynthetic flagellate Noctiluca scintillans, a bioluminescence...
XY, Liu YD, Lebert M, Legué V (2014). "The influence of microgravity on Euglena gracilis as studied on Shenzhou 8". Plant Biol J. 16: 113–119. Bibcode:2014PlBio...
B; Milanowski, R; Karnkowska, Anna (2017). "Evolutionary Origin of Euglena". Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology. Advances in Experimental...
S2CID 16768325. Häder, DP; Hemmersbach, R (2017). "Gravitaxis in Euglena". Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology. Advances in Experimental...
Ellis C.; Trick, Martin; Henrissat, Bernard; Field, Robert A. (2015). "Euglena in time: Evolution, control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain...
or more flagella are located at or near the anterior of the cell, e.g., Euglena. Often there is one directed forwards and one trailing behind. Among animals...
phototrophic organisms such as algae (e.g., kelp), other protists (such as euglena), phytoplankton, and bacteria (such as cyanobacteria). Cyanobacteria, which...
basal as the root of a tree is often difficult to pinpoint. Metakaryota Euglena (Euglenozoa: Euglenoida) Trypanosoma brucei (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastida)...
a food vacuole forms. Undigested food is carried to the anal pore. EuglenaEuglena is photosynthetic but also engulfs and digests microorganisms. Anderson...
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