Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Archaeplastida
Provora
Chromista is a proposed but polyphyletic[1][2][3] biological kingdom, refined from the Chromalveolata, consisting of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic species that share similar features in their photosynthetic organelles (plastids).[4] It includes all eukaryotes whose plastids contain chlorophyll c and are surrounded by four membranes. If the ancestor already possessed chloroplasts derived by endosymbiosis from red algae, all non-photosynthetic Chromista have secondarily lost the ability to photosynthesise. Its members might have arisen independently as separate evolutionary groups from the last eukaryotic common ancestor.[1]
Chromista as a taxon was created by the British biologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1981 to distinguish the stramenopiles, haptophytes, and cryptophytes.[5] According to Cavalier-Smith, the kingdom originally consisted mostly of photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae), but he later brought many heterotrophs (protozoa) into the proposed group. As of 2018, the kingdom was nearly as diverse as the kingdoms Plantae and Animalia, consisting of eight phyla. Notable members include marine algae, potato blight, dinoflagellates, Paramecium, the brain parasite Toxoplasma, and the malarial parasite Plasmodium.[6]
However, Cavalier-Smith's hypothesis of chromist monophyly has been rejected by other researchers, who consider it more likely that some chromists acquired their plastids by incorporating another chromist instead of inheriting them from a common ancestor. This is thought to have occurred repeatedly, so that the red plastids spread from one group to another. The plastids, far from characterising their hosts as belonging to a single clade, thus have a different history from their disparate hosts. They appear to have originated in the Rhodophytina, and to have been transmitted to the Cryptophytina and from them to both the Ochrophyta and the Haptophyta, and then from these last to the Myzozoa.[3]
^ abCavalier-Smith, Thomas; Allsopp, M. T.; Chao, E. E. (November 1994). "Chimeric conundra: are nucleomorphs and chromists monophyletic or polyphyletic?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (24): 11368–11372. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9111368C. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.24.11368. PMC 45232. PMID 7972066.
^Cite error: The named reference Burki Roger Brown Simpson 2020 pp. 43–55 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abStrassert, Jürgen F. H.; Irisarri, Iker; Williams, Tom A.; Burki, Fabien (2021-03-25). "A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 1879. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.1879S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7994803. PMID 33767194.
^Cite error: The named reference parfrey was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?". Bio Systems. 14 (3–4): 461–81. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.
^Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2018). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267.
Chromista is a proposed but polyphyletic biological kingdom, refined from the Chromalveolata, consisting of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic...
of critically endangered plants Protists (kingdom Protista) — List of Chromista by conservation status Category:IUCN Red List critically endangered species...
status of 15 species within Chromista. The IUCN has not evaluated any protist species other than those in Chromista. No Chromista subspecies or subpopulations...
been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system. Protist taxonomy has long been unstable...
Protozoa and Chromista. In his context, paraphyletic groups take preference over clades: both protist kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista contain paraphyletic...
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened...
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened...
obsolete, largely due to the discovery that Chromalveolata, a refinement of Chromista, is not monophyletic. Bar-On YM, Phillips R, Milo R (June 2018). "The...
kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants...
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened...
algae suggest a relationship there. In the first three of these groups (Chromista), the chloroplast has four membranes, retaining a nucleomorph in cryptomonads...
placed along with Haptista in the group Hacrobia, within the kingdom Chromista, most recent studies have found that Hacrobia is not a clade. For example...
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened...
Wikidata Q22065654. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (January 2018). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting...
Cuba, the main groups being: animals (17,801 species), bacteria (270), chromista (707), fungi, including lichen-forming species (5844), plants (9107) and...
notional 50% of 358 "uncertain" names: est. total 10,881 accepted genera Chromista: 9,912 accepted genus names plus notional 50% of 2,379 "uncertain" names:...
deficient reptiles Plants — List data deficient plants Chromista/Protista — List of Chromista by conservation status (9 data deficient species) Fungi...
coralline red algae are known from the late Proterozoic Doushantuo formation. Chromista and Alveolata algae (e.g., chrysophytes, diatoms, phaeophytes, dinophytes)...
Archamoebae, Tubulinea and Flabellinia. Some Amoeboza cause disease. The Chromista are a group of protists that contains the algal phyla Heterokontophyta...
PMID 34358228. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (23 December 2009). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3). The...
ejop.2012.06.001. PMID 23085100. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting...
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