Sushen is the historical Chinese name for an ancient ethnic group of people who lived in the northeastern part of China (in the area of modern Jilin and Heilongjiang) and what is in modern times the Russian Maritime Province and some other Siberian provinces. They were active during the Zhou Dynasty period. Archeological relics in the area are attributed to the Xituanshan Culture.[1] Chinese Bronze Age archaeologist Zou Heng of Peking University believed that the Sushen were also related to the Lower Xiajiadian culture.[2] The Sushen are thought to have been Tungusic speakers.[3]
According to the Guoyu and the Classic of Mountains and Seas published in the Warring States period (476–221 BCE), Sushen was the name of the tribe who lived in Shandong and border of Liaoxi Province.[4]
The name's characters appeared as early as the 6th century BC in Chinese documents. They are almost unknown with the exception of the fact that they lived to the north of China and used flint-headed wooden arrows, farmed, hunted, and fished, and lived in caves and trees.[5] Ancient Chinese believed that the Sushen paid arrows as tribute to an ideal Chinese ruler. In other words, an arrival of Sushen delegates was, for the Chinese, an auspicious sign of the Chinese ruler's virtue.
From the 3rd century to the 6th century, the name Sushen was used as an alias for the Yilou, who were in eastern Manchuria. However, the connection between the Yilou and the ancient Sushen is unclear. Some historians think that Chinese, having heard that the Yilou paid arrows as tribute, linked them with the Sushen based on knowledge of ancient documents. They paid tribute several times and pleased rulers of Northern China. The Yilou disappeared from documents in the 6th century. The Mohe rose into power there instead.[6]
The Chinese characters of the name can also be found in Japanese documents, in which the characters are annotated and read as Mishihase or Ashihase. According to the Nihon Shoki, the Mishihase first arrived to Sado Province during the reign of Emperor Kimmei. In 660, Japanese General Abe no Hirafu defeated the Mishihase in Hokkaidō in response to requests from the native inhabitants.[7]
Some historians consider that the Mishihase were identical with the Sushen of Chinese records,[8] and others think that Japanese named the indigenous people in the northeast based on the knowledge of Chinese documents, just as the Chinese did during the Three Kingdoms period. They are generally believed to be ethnic Nivkh people and have influenced several later peoples in the region such as the Wuji, Yilou and Mohe, and subsequently of the Jurchen, Manchu, Nanai and many other Tungusic peoples.[9]
^"Chinese History – Non-Chinese peoples and neighboring states: Sushen". Chinaknowledge. Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
^Nelson, Sarah Milledge (1995). The Archaeology of Northeast China - Beyond the Great Wall. Routledge. p. 177. ISBN 0-415-11755-0.
^Masataka, Nobuo (2020). The Origins of Language Revisited Differentiation from Music and the Emergence of Neurodiversity and Autism. Springer Singapore. p. 264. ISBN 9789811542503.
^Prof. Han Giu-cheol. "Who is the tribe of Malgal[Mohe]?". Kyungsung University. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
^Huang, Pei (Jun 1990). "New Light on The Origins of The Manchus". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 50 (1). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 246. doi:10.2307/2719229. JSTOR 2719229.
^"Chinese History – The Non-Chinese peoples and states of the northeast". a3guo.com. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
^Frank Brinkley, Dairoku Kikuchi (1915), A history of the Japanese people from the earliest times to the end of the Meiji era, The Encyclopædia Britannica Co.
^Reider, Noriko T. (2010). Japanese Demon Lore: Oni from Ancient Times to the Present. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-87421-794-0.
Sushen is the historical Chinese name for an ancient ethnic group of people who lived in the northeastern part of China (in the area of modern Jilin and...
Sushen (IAST: Suṣhēn; lit. 'sacred army') is an epithet of Vishnu, cited in the epic Hindu hymn Vishnu Sahasranama (The thousand names of Vishnu). Several...
potentially including the Yilou people in the Warring States Period, the Sushen people in the Pre-Qin period, the Wuji people in the Wei and Jin period...
6th-century Manchuria. In some sources, their name was also written as Sushen, after an earlier people that were traditionally thought to be from the...
Prehistoric period Liao civilization Ancient to Classical period Gojoseon Sushen Donghu Yemaek Takri Kingdom Yan (Warring States) Xiongnu Han dynasty Wuhuan...
mounted archery. The Sushen used flint headed wooden arrows, farmed, hunted, and fished, and lived in caves and trees. The cognates Sushen or Jichen (稷真) again...
Prehistoric period Liao civilization Ancient to Classical period Gojoseon Sushen Donghu Yemaek Takri Kingdom Yan (Warring States) Xiongnu Han dynasty Wuhuan...
released after imprisonment for political activities, visited Santiniketan. Sushen Mukherjee, a young man, met him there. Mukherjee had been associated with...
century Jurchens. The Tang documented the Mohe as inhabiting the land of Sushen, to the northeast of the Tang, east of the Turks, and north of Goguryeo...
lived along the northern portion of the coast of the Sea of Japan. The term Sushen, rendered 肅愼, is found in Chinese records, but is annotated as Mishihase...
Vasudev. In 2015–16, he played the role of Karna's foster father Adiratha Sushen in the mythological epic series Suryaputra Karn. In 2016, he played for...
region was where the tribe kingdoms of Buyeo, Mohe, Okjeo, Yilou, Yemaek and Sushen existed. The region later was the territory of Goguryeo. After the fall...
destroying 3 tribes and 600 to 700 camps. In 398, Gwanggaeto conquered the Sushen people to the northeast, who were Tungusic ancestors of the Jurchens and...
needed] Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including the Sushen, Donghu, Xianbei, Wuhuan, Mohe, Khitan and Jurchens, have risen to power...
mounted archery. The Sushen used flint-headed wooden arrows, farmed, hunted, and fished and lived in caves and trees. The cognates Sushen or Jichen (稷真) again...
Manchus (or Jurchens), Ulchs, Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai), Sushen, Xianbei, and Mohe. The Han Chinese have settled in Northeast China at several...
Su of the First Rank from 1821 to 1852, posthumously honoured as Prince Sushen of the First Rank (肅慎親王) 3 Huafeng (華豐; died 1869; 8th), held the title...
Prehistoric period Liao civilization Ancient to Classical period Gojoseon Sushen Donghu Yemaek Takri Kingdom Yan (Warring States) Xiongnu Han dynasty Wuhuan...
The area was settled by several Tungusic and Mongolic tribes, such as the Sushen, the proto-Mongol Shiwei and the Mohe. The Udege people are said to have...
ISBN 978-0231079129. Hong, Wontack (2005). "The Puyeo-Koguryeo Ye-maek the Sushen-Yilou Tungus, and the Xianbei Yan" (PDF). East Asian History: A Korean Perspective...
Peninsula; to the north and east, he annexed much of Buyeo and conquered the Sushen, who were Tungusic ancestors of the Jurchens and Manchus; and to the south...
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