This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Superinfection" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(December 2018)
A superinfection is a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection.[1] Examples of this in bacteriology are the overgrowth of endogenous Clostridium difficile that occurs following treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic, and pneumonia or sepsis from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in some immunocompromised patients.[2]
In virology, the definition is slightly different. Superinfection is the process by which a cell that has previously been infected by one virus gets co-infected with a different strain of the virus, or another virus, at a later point in time.[3] In some cases viral superinfections may be resistant to the antiviral drug or drugs that were being used to treat the original infection. Viral superinfections may also be less susceptible to the host's immune response.[4] In Zika virus infection, there is some evidence that primary infection of another Flavivirus, Binjari virus, results in the direct inhibition of a secondary infection of Zika virus in mosquito cells.[5] Recent metagenomic analyses have demonstrated that the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 can be associated with superinfection and colonization of other pathogens, such as rhinovirus species and Moraxella spp.[6]
In parasitology, superinfection is reinfection of the same genus of parasite, as a person infected by Fasciola hepatica again infected by Fasciola gigantica.[citation needed]
^"Superinfection". Merriam-Webster Inc. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
^"Treatment of neutropenic fever syndromes in adults with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients (high-risk patients)". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
^"HIV types, subtypes groups and strains: Is it possible to be infected more than once?". www.avert.org. AVERT. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
^Robert M. Grant; J. Jeff McConnell (May 2006). "What do we know about HIV superinfection?". www.ucsf.edu. University of California, San Francisco. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
^Torres FJ, Parry R, Hugo LE, Slonchak A, Newton ND, Vet LJ; et al. (2022). "Reporter Flaviviruses as Tools to Demonstrate Homologous and Heterologous Superinfection Exclusion". Viruses. 14 (7): 1501. doi:10.3390/v14071501. PMC 9317482. PMID 35891480.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
A superinfection is a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that...
HIV superinfection (also called HIV reinfection or SuperAIDS) is a condition in which a person with an established human immunodeficiency virus infection...
hepatitis B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection). HDV infecting a person with chronic hepatitis B (superinfection) is considered the most serious type...
Viral interference, also known as superinfection resistance, is the inhibition of viral reproduction caused by previous exposure of cells to another virus...
continues unchecked, it can result in joint deformity, ulceration and/or superinfection, loss of function, and in the worst-case scenario, amputation or death...
hospitals, and poor hygiene, exacerbated by the war, promoted bacterial superinfection, killing most of the victims after a typically prolonged death bed....
nausea, rash, urticaria, pain and inflammation at injection site, superinfection (including candidiasis), allergy, and transient increases in liver enzymes...
Cellular Medicine in Tel Aviv, Israel, and as the medical director at Superinfection, a biotechnology company in Budapest, Hungary. Slavin graduated from...
duration of symptoms in miliaria rubra even in the absence of obvious superinfection. Other topical agents that may reduce the severity of symptoms include...
Heukelbach J, Eisele M, Souza A, Barbosa L, Carvalho C (2002). "Bacterial superinfection in human tungiasis". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 7 (7):...
abscesses may develop and rupture to form draining sinus or giant ulcer. Superinfection by Fusarium and Bacteroides. These later require debridement and may...
produce severe gastroenteritis with bleeding, shock, and bacterial superinfection, as well as the potential for airway compromise due to edema. When ingested...
from phagocytosis, protecting hosts from secondary infection through superinfection exclusion, enhancing host pathogenicity, or enhancing bacterial metabolism...
Lancing or surgically debriding the lesion may make it worse by causing a superinfection or encephalitis. Even though the disease is self-limiting, as with many...
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza...
Reconstructive vaginoplasty in children and adolescents carries the risk of superinfection. In adults, rates and types of complications varied with gender-affirming...
during a viral respiratory infection, which may lead to S. pyogenes superinfection. S. pyogenes infections are commonly associated with the release of...
lesions. The destructive nature of donovanosis also increases the risk of superinfection by other pathogenic microbes. Small, painless nodules appear after about...
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza...
In people who have chronic hepatitis B infection and are at risk for superinfection with the hepatitis D virus, the preventive strategies are the same as...
microbial population. On the other hand, induction, transduction and superinfection exclusion mechanisms confer many beneficial functions to the host. Induction...
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza...
General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza...
Global Information
