Hepatitis D is a type of viral hepatitis[3] caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV).[4][5] HDV is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. HDV is considered to be a satellite (a type of subviral agent) because it can propagate only in the presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV).[6] Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV (coinfection) or superimposed on chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection).
HDV infecting a person with chronic hepatitis B (superinfection) is considered the most serious type of viral hepatitis due to its severity of complications.[7] These complications include a greater likelihood of experiencing liver failure in acute infections and a rapid progression to liver cirrhosis, with an increased risk of developing liver cancer in chronic infections.[8] In combination with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D has the highest fatality rate of all the hepatitis infections, at 20%. A recent estimate from 2020 suggests that currently 48 million people are infected with this virus.[9]
Hepatitis D
Synonym
Delta hepatitis
Type of Virus
ssRNA
Incubation Period
2–12 weeks
Transmission
Parenteral
Carrier State
Yes
Immunity
Passive immunization
Active immunization
Hyperimmune globulin
Vaccine (hepatitis B)
^ abc"Hepatitis D | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^ ab"Hepatitis D". www.who.int. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
^"Hepatitis (Viral) NIDDK". The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
^Farci P (2003). "Delta hepatitis: an update". Journal of Hepatology. 39 (Suppl 1): S212–9. doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00331-3. PMID 14708706.
^Magnius L, Taylor J, Mason WS, Sureau C, Dény P, Norder H (December 2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Deltavirus". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (12): 1565–1566. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001150. PMID 30311870.
^Makino S, Chang MF, Shieh CK, Kamahora T, Vannier DM, Govindarajan S, Lai MM (1987). "Molecular cloning and sequencing of a human hepatitis delta (delta) virus RNA". Nature. 329 (6137): 343–6. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..343M. doi:10.1038/329343a0. PMID 3627276. S2CID 4368061.
^Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G, Schalm SW (March 2000). "Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep)". Gut. 46 (3): 420–6. doi:10.1136/gut.46.3.420. PMC 1727859. PMID 10673308.
^Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, Li S, Ma Z, Wang W, Peppelenbosch MP, Liu J, Pan Q (April 2020). "Estimating the Global Prevalence, Disease Progression, and Clinical Outcome of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 221 (10): 1677–1687. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz633. PMC 7184909. PMID 31778167.
HepatitisD is a type of viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). HDV is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. HDV...
infected blood. Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users. HepatitisD can only...
The epidemiology of hepatitisD occurs worldwide. Although the figures are disputed, a recent systematic review suggests that up to 60 million individuals...
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. It can cause both acute...
(HCC). The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Other viruses can also cause liver...
number of other diseases. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A vaccine is effective for prevention. [needs update]...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus and a member of the Hepadnaviridae family of...
Hepatitis E is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV); it is a type of viral hepatitis. Hepatitis E has mainly...
exception being the genus Deltavirus, comprising the causal agents of hepatitisD in humans. The realm Ribozyviria has an unclear evolutionary origin....
replicate. These can be naturally occurring as with HepatitisD virus, which requires Hepatitis B virus to coinfect cells in order to replicate. Helper...
hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C...
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. During the...
Alcoholic hepatitis is hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) due to excessive intake of alcohol. Patients typically have a history of at least 10 years...
with helical nucleocapsids. Double-stranded RNA genome: Reoviridae. The HepatitisD virus has not yet been assigned to a family, but is clearly distinct...
Autoimmune hepatitis, formerly known as lupoid hepatitis, plasma cell hepatitis, or autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, is a chronic, autoimmune disease...
(February 2003). "Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B". The New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (9): 808–16...
pathogen hepatitisD virus is a subviral agent similar in structure to a viroid, as it is a hybrid particle enclosed by surface proteins from the hepatitis B...
Bradley, he co-discovered Hepatitis C in 1989. He also co-discovered the HepatitisD genome in 1986. The discovery of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) led to the...
an antiviral medication for the treatment of chronic hepatitisD (in the presence of hepatitis B). The most common side effects include raised levels...
Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A. It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least twenty years and possibly a person's...
that over several decades can lead to cirrhosis. HepatitisD is dependent on the presence of hepatitis B and accelerates cirrhosis in co-infection. In...
Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses...
infected. Incubation of HepatitisD typically lasts for thirty five days. Most often HepatitisD is a co-infection with Hepatitis B or a super-infection...
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