Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
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Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero.[1][2] An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.[3][4][5][6]
The superconductivity phenomenon was discovered in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a phenomenon which can only be explained by quantum mechanics. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete cancelation of the magnetic field in the interior of the superconductor during its transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.
In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C).[7] Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. The cheaply available coolant liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K (−196 °C) and thus the existence of superconductivity at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
^Combescot, Roland (2022). Superconductivity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781108428415.
^Fossheim, Kristian; Sudboe, Asle (2005). Superconductivity: Physics and Applications. John Wiley and Sons. p. 7. ISBN 9780470026434.
^Bardeen, John; Cooper, Leon; Schrieffer, J. R. (December 1, 1957). "Theory of Superconductivity". Physical Review. 108 (5): 1175. Bibcode:1957PhRv..108.1175B. doi:10.1103/physrev.108.1175. ISBN 978-0-677-00080-0. S2CID 73661301. Retrieved June 6, 2014. Reprinted in Nikolaĭ Nikolaevich Bogoliubov (1963) The Theory of Superconductivity, Vol. 4, CRC Press, ISBN 0677000804, p. 73.
^Daintith, John (2009). The Facts on File Dictionary of Physics (4th ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-4381-0949-7.
^Gallop, John C. (1990). SQUIDS, the Josephson Effects and Superconducting Electronics. CRC Press. pp. 1, 20. ISBN 978-0-7503-0051-3.
^Durrant, Alan (2000). Quantum Physics of Matter. CRC Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-7503-0721-5.
^Bednorz, J. G. & Müller, K. A. (1986). "Possible high Tc superconductivity in the Ba−La−Cu−O system". Z. Phys. B. 64 (1): 189–193. Bibcode:1986ZPhyB..64..189B. doi:10.1007/BF01303701. S2CID 118314311.
Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled...
Color superconductivity is a phenomenon where matter carries color charge without loss, on analogy to the way conventional superconductors can carry electric...
Superconductivity is the phenomenon of certain materials exhibiting zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields below a characteristic...
microscopic theory of superconductivity since Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's 1911 discovery. The theory describes superconductivity as a microscopic effect...
Unconventional superconductors are materials that display superconductivity which does not conform to conventional BCS theory or its extensions. The superconducting...
Technological applications of superconductivity include: the production of sensitive magnetometers based on SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference...
electron–phonon interaction. The Cooper pair state is responsible for superconductivity, as described in the BCS theory developed by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper...
In physics, reentrant superconductivity is an effect observed in systems that lie close to the boundary between ferromagnetic and superconducting. By...
occupy quantum states of a given total momentum without restriction. Superconductivity: A phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion...
to liquefy helium for the first time, in 1908. He also discovered superconductivity in 1911. Kamerlingh Onnes was born in Groningen, Netherlands. His...
family of crystalline chemical compounds that display high-temperature superconductivity; it includes the first material ever discovered to become superconducting...
electronic switching and amplifying devices based on vacuum conductivity. Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion...
and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory. The transistor revolutionized the electronics...
developing the BCS theory, the first successful quantum theory of superconductivity. Schrieffer was born in Oak Park, Illinois, the son of Louise (Anderson)...
physicist who, together with K. Alex Müller, discovered high-temperature superconductivity in ceramics, for which they shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics...
Transactions on Applied Superconductivity is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on applications of superconductivity and other relevant...
of more than 3000 candidate phases rules out conventional superconductivity. Superconductivity for sulfur hydrides without carbon was first reported in...
phase transition on August 2 1911, the same day that he observed superconductivity in mercury. It has since been described through phenomenology and...
(pi-bonding). This is at odds with usual theories of phonon-mediated superconductivity which assume that all electrons behave in the same manner. Theoretical...
(University of Houston, Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH)) The Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH) is a research center based at the...