All examples marked with ‡ are included in the audio samples. If a table caption is marked then all Sesotho examples in that table are included in the audio samples.
The orthography used in this and related articles is that of South Africa, not Lesotho. For a discussion of the differences between the two see the notes on Sesotho orthography.
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
The phonology of Sesotho and those of the other Sotho–Tswana languages are radically different from those of "older" or more "stereotypical" Bantu languages. Modern Sesotho in particular has very mixed origins (due to the influence of Difaqane refugees) inheriting many words and idioms from non-Sotho–Tswana languages.
There are in total 39 consonantal phonemes[1] (plus 2 allophones) and 9 vowel phonemes (plus two close raised allophones). The consonants include a rich set of affricates and palatal and postalveolar consonants, as well as three click consonants.
^Other authors may choose to include the labialized consonants as contrastive phonemes, potentially increasing the number by 26 to 75. Labialization does create minimal pairs, as is exemplified by the short passive suffix, but different authors seem to be divided on whether or not these should be counted as authentic phonemes (especially since Sotho–Tswana-type labialization caused by vowel "absorption" is a fairly strange and rare process).
Besides the passives, there are still numerous minimal pairs differing only in the labialization of a single consonant (note that each of the following pairs has similar tonal patterns):
[ʀɑlɑ]-rala ('design'), versus [ʀʷɑlɑ]-rwala ('carry on the head')
[lɑlɑ]-lala ('lie down' [old fashioned or poetic]), versus [lʷɑlɑ]-lwala ('be sick' [old fashioned])
[mʊʀɑ]mora ('son'), versus [mʊʀʷɑ]morwa ('a Khoisan person')
[hɑmɑ]-hama ('milk an animal'), versus [hʷɑmɑ]-hwama ('[of fat] congeal')
[t͡sʰɑsɑ]-tshasa ('smear'), versus [t͡sʰʷɑsɑ]-tshwasa ('capture prey')
[mʊɬɑ]mohla ('day'), versus [mʊɬʷɑ]mohlwa ('termite')
Normal consonants and their labialised forms do not contrast before back vowels (that is, a labialized consonant will lose its labialization before a back vowel).
IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of Sesotho and those of the other Sotho–Tswana languages are radically different from those...
Sesotho sa Lebowa is a Sotho-Tswana language group spoken in the northeastern provinces of South Africa, most commonly in Mpumalanga, Gauteng and the...
Sotho (/sɛˈsuːtuː/) Sesotho, also known as Southern Sotho or Sesotho sa Borwa is a Southern Bantu language of the Sotho–Tswana ("S.30") group, spoken...
symbols used and the sounds they represent, see the phoneme tables at Sothophonology. Note that often when a section discusses formatives, affixes, or vowels...
language § Phonology. See Help:IPA/Nguni and Zulu language § Orthography. See Help:IPA, Sesotho orthography § Sotho alphabet and Sothophonology. See Help:IPA/Afrikaans...
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts...
/ / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. English phonology is the system of speech sounds used in spoken English. Like many other...
about 8.2 million people. It is closely related to the Northern Sotho and Southern Sotho languages, as well as the Kgalagadi language and the Lozi language...
IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the Spanish language. Unless otherwise noted, statements...
is most realized as a voiceless velar lateral approximant. See English phonology. Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative: Its manner of articulation...
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of Italian describes the sound system—the phonology and phonetics—of Standard Italian and its geographical...
delimiters. This article deals with current phonology and phonetics and with historical developments of the phonology of the Tagalog language, including variants...
delimiters. The phonology of Standard German is the standard pronunciation or accent of the German language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics...
delimiters. The phonology of Turkish deals with current phonology and phonetics, particularly of Istanbul Turkish. A notable feature of the phonology of Turkish...
If you have trouble playing the files, see Wikipedia Media help. The phonology of Japanese features a phonemic inventory of five vowels (/a, e, i, o...
delimiters. While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, the contemporary spoken Arabic language is more properly described as...
French phonology is the sound system of French. This article discusses mainly the phonology of all the varieties of Standard French. Notable phonological features...
transcription delimiters. This article deals with the phonology and phonetics of Standard Modern Greek. For phonological characteristics of other varieties, see varieties...
/ / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Latin phonology is the system of sounds used in various kinds of Latin. This article largely...
[ʗ̬͡¡okomi] Sotho ho qoqa [hoᵏǃɔᵏǃɑ] = [hoʗ̊ɔʗ̊ɑ] 'to chat/converse' Contrasts with murmured, aspirated, and alveolar nasal clicks. See Sothophonology Xhosa...
The phonology of Portuguese varies among dialects, in extreme cases leading to some difficulties in intelligibility. This article on phonology focuses...
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of Standard Chinese has historically derived from the Beijing dialect...