Shah Alam after his blinding, by Khairallah c. 1793
17th Mughal Emperor
First reign
10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788
Predecessor
Shah Jahan III
Successor
Shah Jahan IV
Second reign
16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806
Predecessor
Shah Jahan IV
Successor
Akbar II
Born
Mirza Ali Gauhar (1728-06-25)25 June 1728 Shahjahanabad, Subah, Delhi, Mughal Empire (present-day Old Delhi, Delhi, India)
Died
19 November 1806(1806-11-19) (aged 78) Shahjahanabad, Subah, Delhi, Mughal Empire
Burial
Moti Masjid, Mehrauli, Delhi, India
Spouses
Taj Mahal[1]
Jamil-un-Nissa Begum[2][3]
Mubarak Mahal[4]
Murad Bakht Begum[5]
Qudsia Begum[6]
Azizan, Malika-i-Alam[7]
Shahabadi Mahal[8]
Nawab Mahal[8]
Nazakat Mahal[9]
Issue
Akbar II
Mirza Jahandar Shah[10][11]
Mirza Jahan Shah, Farkhunda Akhtar[12]
Mirza Kabiruddin
Mirza Sulaiman Shikoh[10]
Mirza Sikandar Shikoh[10]
Mirza Izzat Baksh[13]
Mirza Jamshed Bakht[14]
Begum Jan Begum[15]
Aziz-un-Nissa Begum[15]
Rufa-ul-Nissa Begum[6]
Aliat-un-Nissa Begum[2]
Saadat-un-Nissa Begum[2]
Akbarabadi Begum[2]
Dil Afroz Banu Begum[2]
Names
'Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar Shah-i-'Alam II (عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم)
House
House of Babur
Dynasty
Timurid dynasty
Father
Alamgir II
Mother
Zinat Mahal
Religion
Sunni Islam (Hanafi)
Military career
Battles/wars
Third Battle of Panipat Bengal War Battle of Delhi (1764) Battle of Buxar Battle of Delhi (1771) Battle of Delhi (1783) Siege of Delhi (1804)
Mughal emperors
Babur
1526–1530
Humayun (first reign)
1530–1540
Humayun (second reign)
1555–1556
Akbar I
1556–1605
Jahangir I
1605–1627
Shahriyar (de facto)
1627–1628
Shah Jahan I
1628–1658
Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
1658–1707
Azam Shah
1707
Bahadur Shah I (Shah Alam I)
1707–1712
Jahandar Shah
1712–1713
Farrukh-Siyar
1713–1719
Rafi-ud-Darajat
1719
Rafi-ud-Daulah (Shah Jahan II)
1719
Muhammad Shah
1719–1748
Ahmad Shah
1748–1754
Alamgir II
1754–1759
Shah Jahan III
1759–1760
Shah Alam II (first reign)
1760–1788
Mahmud Shah (Shah Jahan IV)
1788
Shah Alam II (second reign)
1788–1806
Akbar II
1806–1837
Bahadur Shah II
1837–1857
v
t
e
Shah Alam II ( Persian pronunciation:[ʃɑːhʔɑː.ˈlam]; 25 June 1728 – 19 November 1806), also known by his birth name Ali Gohar, or Ali Gauhar, was the seventeenth Mughal emperor and the son of Alamgir II.[16] Shah Alam II became the emperor of a crumbling Mughal Empire. His power was so depleted during his reign that it led to a saying in the Persian language, Sultanat-e-Shah Alam, Az Dilli ta Palam, meaning, 'The empire of Shah Alam is from Delhi to Palam', Palam being a suburb of Delhi.[17][18]
Shah Alam faced many invasions, mainly by the Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) between the Maratha Confederacy, and the Afghan Empire led by Abdali. In 1760, the invading forces of Abdali were driven away by the Marathas, led by Sadashivrao Bhau, who deposed Shah Jahan III, the puppet Mughal emperor of Imad-ul-Mulk, and installed Shah Alam II as the rightful emperor (1760 – 1772).[19][20]
Shah Alam II was considered the only and rightful emperor, but he was unable to return to Delhi until 1772, under the protection of the Maratha general Mahadaji Shinde. He also fought against the East India Company at the Battle of Buxar (1764). In 1788, when he was a prisoner of Ghulam Qadir, he was blinded.
Shah Alam II authored his own Diwan of poems and was known by the pen-name Aftab. His poems were guided, compiled and collected by Mirza Fakhir Makin.[21]
Shah Alam also penned the famous book Ajaib-ul-Qasas, which is considered one of the earliest and most prominent books of prose in Urdu.
^Muhammad Umar (1998). Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century. Available with the author. p. 411. ISBN 9788121508308.
^ abcdeThe Genealogist, Volumes 13-14. The Association. 1999. pp. 70, 81, 82.
^Antoine Louis Henri de Polier; Polier (colonel de, Antoine-Louis-Henri) (1947). Pratul Chandra Gupta (ed.). Shah Alam II and His Court: A Narrative of the Transactions at the Court of Delhy from the Year 1771 to the Present Time. S.C. Sarkar and sons. p. 71.
^Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1971). 1754-1771 (Panipat). 3d ed. 1966, 1971 printing. Orient Longman. p. 381.
^J. P. Guha (1962). Delhi; a Handbook for Travellers. R. & K Publishing House. p. 34.
^ abJournal of Indian History, Volume 60. Department of Modern Indian History. 1982. p. 62.
^Muhammad Umar (2001). Urban Culture in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 185.
^ abتاريخ هند عهد وسظى، غير مطبوعه مآخز: جنوبى ايشيائ علاقائ سمينار منعقده ٢٢-٢٦ مارچ ٨٨٩١ كے مقالات. خدا بخش اورينٹل پبلک لائبريرى،. 1999. p. 91.
^Bhagwati Sharan Verma (1997). Art, Archaeology And, Culture of Eastern India: Dr. B.S. Verma Felicitation Volume. Bihar Puravid Parishad. p. 264.
^ abcIndia. Legislature. Legislative Assembly (1936). The Legislative Assembly Debates: (Official Report), Volume 1. Government of India Press. p. 108.
^Muzaffar Alam; Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2012). Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics. Columbia University Press. p. 462. ISBN 978-0-231-15811-4.
^Hari Ram Gupta (1944). A History of the Sikhs, from Nadir Shah's Invasion to the Rise of Ranjit Singh, 1739-1799: Cis-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799 (2 ed.). Minerva Book Shop. p. 79.
^S. M. Burke; Salim al-Din Quraishi (1995). Bahadur Shah: The Last Moghul Emperor of India. Sang-e-Meel. p. 36.
^Shama Mitra Chenoy (1998). Shahjahanabad, a City of Delhi, 1638-1857. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 9788121508025.
^ abThe Dacca University Studies, Volumes 6-7. University of Dacca. 1943. p. 30.
^Dalrymple, W. (2019),The Anarchy p89, London: Bloomsbury
^Delhi, Past and Present, p. 4, at Google Books
^History of Islam, p. 512, at Google Books
^Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813, p. 140, at Google Books
^S. M. Ikram (1964). "XIX. A Century of Political Decline: 1707–1803". In Ainslie T. Embree (ed.). Muslim Civilization in India. New York: Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
^Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature, p. 40, at Google Books
ShahAlamII ( Persian pronunciation: [ʃɑːh ʔɑː.ˈlam]; 25 June 1728 – 19 November 1806), also known by his birth name Ali Gohar, or Ali Gauhar, was the...
emperor from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of ShahAlamII and the father of Bahadur ShahII, who would eventually succeed him and become the last...
Mahmud Shah Bahadur, also known by his regnal name Shah Jahan IV, was the eighteenth Mughal emperor for a brief period in 1788 after ShahAlamII was deposed...
Alamgir II, was the fifteenth Mughal emperor from 1754 to 1759. He was the son of Jahandar Shah. Born Mirza Aziz-ud-Din, the second son of Jahandar Shah, was...
deposed by Mughal chiefs, acting in the name of the exiled Mughal Emperor ShahAlamII. Jaswant Lal Mehta, Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813...
Shah Jahan II (Persian pronunciation: [ʃɑːh d͡ʒa.ˈhɑːn]; June 1696 – 19 September 1719), born Mirza Rafi-ud-Daulah, was briefly the twelfth Mughal emperor...
(14 October 1643 – 27 February 1712), commonly known as Bahadur Shah I and ShahAlam I, was the eighth Mughal Emperor from 1707 to 1712. He was the second...
State; Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula, Nawab of Awadh; and ShahAlamII, Emperor of the Mughal Empire. The battle was fought at Buxar, a "strong...
Mughal Empire. He is particularly known for blinding the Mughal Emperor ShahAlamII and occupying and plundering Delhi for two and a half months in 1788...
declared independence and become smaller kingdoms. The Marathas installed ShahAlamII in the throne in 1772, under the protection of the Maratha general Mahadaji...
By 1788, Timur Shah Durrani, attempted again to ford the plains of Punjab to rescue his brother-in-law, the Mughal emperor ShahAlamII. The emperor had...
Khan (10 May 1661 – 11 February 1713), better known by his title Jahandar Shah (lit. 'The Owner of the World', Persian pronunciation: [d͡ʒaˈhɑːn.ˈdɑːr ʃɑːh])...
signed on 16 August 1765, between the Mughal Emperor ShahAlamII, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Robert Clive, of the East India Company, in the...
Sultan Hisamuddin AlamShah Al-Haj Ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah KCMG (Jawi: سلطان حسام الدين عالم شاه الحاج ابن المرحوم سلطان علاء الدين...
territory during the Carnatic Wars and the Bengal War. The Mughal Emperor ShahAlamII (1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline. Third...
during the reign of Emperor ShahAlamII. One of his sons, (Mahmud Shah Bahadur Bidar-Bakht) reigned briefly in 1788 as Shah Jahan IV. His tomb is located...
Mughals, revealing the fragmented state of the empire. The Mughal Emperor ShahAlamII made futile attempts to reverse the empire's decline, but he ultimately...
A notable historical item is the palanquin gifted by Mughal emperor ShahAlamII, who was restored to the throne by Mahadaji Scindia in 1787. A Rohilla...
Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah (born Roshan Akhtar; 7 August 1702 – 26 April 1748) was the thirteenth Mughal emperor from 1719 to 1748. He was son of...
shrines in Delhi in the same year, during the reign of Mughal Emperor, ShahAlamII. It is situated near Connaught Place, New Delhi on Baba Kharak Singh...
tract of land around Shorkot to the family of Syed Mehboob Alam Gillani. Later Emperor ShahAlamII built a tomb for PIr Mehboob Aalam Gillani which is a great...
Delhi, capital of the Mughals and deposed and blinded the Mughal emperor ShahAlamII, placing a puppet on the imperial throne. He unleashed untold atrocities...
foreign nations which were not in the best interests of ShahAlamII. After Ghulam Qadir had ShahAlamII blinded on 10 August 1788, Tipu Sultan is believed...
October. With this victory, ShahAlamII retained control over Delhi under protection of the East India Company. Emperor Nader Shah,of the Afsharid dynasty...
1740 from Iran after Nader Shah had displaced Safavid dynasty in 1736. He became a courtier of Mughal emperor ShahAlamII (1740 – 1782). He married his...