15% risk of death (treatment), 66% risk of death (without treatment)[2]
Frequency
5 per 100,000 per year[3]
Acute septic arthritis, infectious arthritis, suppurative arthritis, pyogenic arthritis,[4]osteomyelitis, or joint infection is the invasion of a joint by an infectious agent resulting in joint inflammation. Generally speaking, symptoms typically include redness, heat and pain in a single joint associated with a decreased ability to move the joint. Onset is usually rapid. Other symptoms may include fever, weakness and headache. Occasionally, more than one joint may be involved, especially in neonates, younger children and immunocompromised individuals.[2][3][5] In neonates, infants during the first year of life, and toddlers, the signs and symptoms of septic arthritis can be deceptive and mimic other infectious and non-infectious disorders.[5]
In children, septic arthritis is usually caused by non-specific bacterial infection and commonly hematogenous, i.e., spread through the bloodstream.[6][7] Septic arthritis and/or acute hematogenous osteomyelitis usually occurs in children with no co-occurring health problems. Other routes of infection include direct trauma and spread from a nearby abscess. Other less common cause include specific bacteria as mycobacterium tuberculosis, viruses, fungi and parasites.[3] In children, however, there are certain groups that are specifically vulnerable to such infections, namely preterm infants, neonates in general, children and adolescents with hematologic disorders, renal osteodystrophy, and immune-compromised status. In adults, vulnerable groups include those with an artificial joint, prior arthritis, diabetes and poor immune function.[2] Diagnosis is generally based on accurate correlation between history-taking and clinical examination findings, and basic laboratory and imaging findings like joint ultrasound.[5]
In children, septic arthritis can have serious consequences if not treated appropriately and timely. Initial treatment typically includes antibiotics such as vancomycin, ceftriaxone or ceftazidime.[2] Surgery in the form of joint drainage is the gold standard management in large joints like the hip and shoulder.[2][5][8] Without early treatment, long-term joint problems may occur, such as irreversible joint destruction and dislocation.[2]
^Hagino T, Wako M, Ochiai S (1 October 2011). "Arthroscopic washout of the ankle for septic arthritis in a three-month-old boy". Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology. 3 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/1758-2555-3-21. PMC 3192658. PMID 21961455.
^ abcdefghijklmHorowitz DL, Katzap E, Horowitz S, Barilla-LaBarca ML (15 September 2011). "Approach to septic arthritis". American Family Physician. 84 (6): 653–660. PMID 21916390.
^ abcde"Arthritis, Infectious". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). 2009. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
^"A to Z: Pyogenic Arthritis (Septic Arthritis)". www.hopkinsallchildrens.org. Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ abcdEl-Sobky T, Mahmoud S (July 2021). "Acute osteoarticular infections in children are frequently forgotten multidiscipline emergencies: beyond the technical skills". EFORT Open Reviews. 6 (7): 584–592. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.6.200155. ISSN 2396-7544. PMC 8335954. PMID 34377550.
^Thévenin-Lemoine C, Vial J, Labbé JL, Lepage B, Ilharreborde B, Accadbled F (2016-11-01). "MRI of acute osteomyelitis in long bones of children: Pathophysiology study". Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 102 (7): 831–837. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2016.06.014. ISSN 1877-0568. PMID 27641643.
^Zairi M, Mohseni AA, Msakni A, Jaber C, Mensia K, Saied W, Bouchoucha S, Boussetta R, Nessib MN (2022-10-01). "Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children: Management of pandiaphysitis with extensive bone destruction: A case series of thirteen child". Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 82: 104578. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104578. ISSN 2049-0801. PMC 9577533. PMID 36268342. S2CID 252175786.
^Swarup I, LaValva S, Shah R, Sankar WN (February 2020). "Septic Arthritis of the Hip in Children: A Critical Analysis Review". JBJS Reviews. 8 (2): e0103. doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00103. PMID 32224630. S2CID 214731307.
Acute septicarthritis, infectious arthritis, suppurative arthritis, pyogenic arthritis, osteomyelitis, or joint infection is the invasion of a joint...
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contaminate compound lower extremities fractures.[citation needed] Septicarthritis due to anaerobic bacteria is frequently associated with contiguous...
trauma; however, in the absence of trauma, other serious causes, such as septicarthritis or slipped capital femoral epiphysis, may be present. The diagnostic...
PCT outperforms C-reactive protein in differentiating septicarthritis from non-septicarthritis. A 2016 literature review showed that PCT has good value...
been documented. The most important differential diagnosis in gout is septicarthritis. This should be considered in those with signs of infection or those...
joints). It is usually caused by trauma, infection, or crystalline arthritis. Septicarthritis is an inflammatory response to an infection (usually bacterial)...
Katzap E, Horowitz S, Barilla-LaBarca ML (September 2011). "Approach to septicarthritis". American Family Physician. 84 (6): 653–660. PMID 21916390. El-Sobky...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints...
associated with Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome; septicarthritis in the fingers, wrists, toes, and ankles; septic abortion; chorioamnionitis during pregnancy;...
erythematosus Decreased: Rheumatic fever Rheumatoid arthritis Gout Pyogenic (Septic) arthritis Tubercular arthritis Less of lubrication in joints Many synovial...
catarrhalis causing septicarthritis (although in the first case, no mention of bacteremia was made). Along with its relation to septicarthritis, bacteremia...
develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop septicarthritis and osteomyelitis. Rare manifestations include lymph node disease resembling...
condition such as transient synovitis or orthopedic infections (like septicarthritis or osteomyelitis). In everyday clinical practice however, irritable...
including, but not limited to, the following: calcaneal stress fracture, septicarthritis, calcaneal bursitis, osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis involving the...
The Kocher criteria are a tool useful in the differentiation of septicarthritis from transient synovitis in the child with a painful hip. They are named...
joint. Arthrocentesis can be used to diagnose septicarthritis or crystal arthropathy. In the case of a septic joint, arthrocentesis should preferably be...
other forms of gonococcal disease including disseminated gonococcemia, septicarthritis, and gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. It is oxidase positive and aerobic...
limited to, infectious (for example septicarthritis or osteomyelitis) and post-infectious conditions (reactive arthritis, acute rheumatic fever, and in some...
proximal femur may cause pain; usually only one hip is affected Primary septicarthritis caused by an infection within the synovial fluid of the hip, a condition...
Osteomalacia/rickets in adolescents Osteopetrosis Osteosarcoma Rickets Septicarthritis, a severe infection of the joint that can lead to permanent joint damage...
bacterial infections. This includes impetigo, cellulitis, pneumonia, septicarthritis, and otitis externa. It is not effective for methicillin-resistant...
intra-abdominal abscess. It has rarely been implicated as a sole pathogen in septicarthritis, osteomyelitis and discitis associated with recent dental procedures...
dermatitis, erythema chronicum migrans of early Lyme disease, gout, septicarthritis, septic bursitis, vasculitis, allergic reaction to an insect bite, acute...
arthralgia is a symptom of injury, infection, illness (in particular arthritis), or an allergic reaction to medication. According to MeSH, the term "arthralgia"...
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