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East Turkestan Republic
شەرقىي تۈركىستان جۇمھۇرىيىتى(Uyghur)
1944–1946
Flag
Territorial extent of the Second East Turkestan Republic (red), encompassing the three districts of Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay
Status
Satellite state of the Soviet Union[1][2][3][4]
Capital
Ghulja[5]
Common languages
Uyghur (official, 1944–1945)[6]
Religion
Islam (majority; official, 1945–1946)[6]
Government
Unitary republic under an interim government[7]
President
• 1944–1946
Elihan Tore
Vice President
• 1944–1946
Hakim Beg Khoja
Independence
from the Republic of China
Historical era
World War II · Cold War
• Start of the Ili Rebellion
7 November 1944
• Independence declared
12 November 1944
• Formation of the Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province
27 June 1946
• Collapse of the Coalition Government
12 August 1947
Population
• 1944 estimate
705,168[8]
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
Today part of
China
East Turkestan Republic
Uyghur name
Uyghur
شەرقىي تۈركىستان جۇمھۇرىيىتى
Transcriptions
Latin Yëziqi
Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti
Siril Yëziqi
Шәрқий Түркистан Җумхурийити
Russian name
Russian
Восточно-Туркестанская Республика
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
東突厥斯坦共和國
Simplified Chinese
东突厥斯坦共和国
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Dōng Tūjuésītǎn Gònghéguó
Part of a series on the
History of Xinjiang
Ancient period
Tocharians
Yuezhi
Xiongnu
Western Regions
(Han Protectorate; Chief Officials)
Kingdom of Khotan
Former Liang
Former Qin
Later Liang
Western Liang
Gaochang
Rouran
First Turkic Khaganate
Western Turkic Khaganate
Eastern Turkic Khaganate
Second Turkic Khaganate
Medieval and early modern period
Tang Protectorates (West; Beiting)
Tibetan Empire
Uyghur Khaganate
Kara-Khanid Khanate
Kingdom of Qocho
Qara Khitai
Mongol Empire (Yuan; Chagatai Khanate)
Moghulistan (Turpan; Yarkent)
Ming ruled Kara Del
Dzungar Khanate
Kumul Khanate
Yettishar
Qing rule
(Dzungar genocide
Dungan Revolt
Qing reconquest)
Modern period
Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
(Xinjiang clique
1st East Turkestan Republic
2nd East Turkestan Republic)
Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
(Production and Construction Corps
Xinjiang conflict
Xinjiang internment camps / Persecution of Uyghurs in China)
v
t
e
The East Turkestan Republic (ETR) was a short-lived satellite state of the Soviet Union in northern Xinjiang (East Turkestan), which existed from 1944 to 1946. It is often described as the Second East Turkestan Republic to differentiate it from the First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934), but "second" was never a part of its official name.
It emerged from the Ili Rebellion in three districts of Xinjiang Province: Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay. It was initially backed by the Soviet Union, but the Soviets' wartime alliance with the Republic of China's (ROC) led to the cessation of aid. In June 1946, following peace negotiations between the leaders of the ETR and representatives from the Republic of China (ROC), the Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province was established in Dihua (Ürümqi) and the ETR government was reformed as the Ili District Council, although the region retained its political independence. The appointment of a pro-Chinese Uyghur official as head of the Coalition Government led to its collapse in August 1947, when the former ETR leaders withdrew in protest and established the Three Districts Economic Commission to continue governing the three districts independently from the rest of Xinjiang.
In late 1949, most of the ETR's former leaders died in a plane crash in the Soviet Union, while en route to attend talks in Beijing. Before the end of 1950, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) had captured most of the area of the former ETR, which ceased to function. The entire region became part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Most of the area controlled by the ETR later fell under the jurisdiction of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.
^David D. Wang. Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident; Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949. p. 406.
^"The Soviets in Xinjiang (1911–1949)". Archived from the original on 2008-10-23. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
^David Wang. The Xinjiang question of the 1940s: the story behind the Sino-Soviet treaty of August 1945
^Into Tibet: Thomas Laird. The CIA's First Atomic Spy and His Secret Expedition to Lhasa p. 25.
^Forbes 1986, p. 176.
^ abWang 2020, pp. 145–146: "...the 1944 Precepts stipulated that the Uyghur language would serve as the republic's official language; in the 1945 Precepts this provision is again stricken from the text, and replaced with a proposal that the Interim Government of the East Turkestan Republic would grant "special support" to Islam, while also guaranteeing the "freedom to follow other religions".
^Wang 2020, pp. 143–144.
^Wang 2020, p. 265.
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