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Rough breathing
U+0314̔COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE
See also
Smooth breathing
In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the rough breathing (Ancient Greek: δασὺ πνεῦμα, romanized: dasỳ pneûma or δασεῖαdaseîa; Latin: spiritus asper) character is a diacritical mark used to indicate the presence of an /h/ sound before a vowel, diphthong, or after rho. It remained in the polytonic orthography even after the Hellenistic period, when the sound disappeared from the Greek language. In the monotonic orthography of Modern Greek phonology, in use since 1982, it is not used at all.
The absence of an /h/ sound is marked by the smooth breathing.
The character, or those with similar shape such as U+02BBʻMODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA, have also been used for a similar sound by Thomas Wade (and others) in the Wade–Giles system of romanization for Mandarin Chinese. Herbert Giles and others have used a left (opening) curved single quotation mark for the same purpose; the apostrophe, backtick, and visually similar characters are often seen as well.
In the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, the roughbreathing (Ancient Greek: δασὺ πνεῦμα, romanized: dasỳ pneûma or δασεῖα daseîa; Latin: spiritus...
of rhos. It did not occur on an initial upsilon, which always has roughbreathing (thus the early name ὕ hy, rather than ὔ y) except in certain pre-Koine...
kinds of pitch accent. The roughbreathing (῾) indicates the presence of the /h/ sound before a letter, while the smooth breathing (᾿) indicates the absence...
accordingly written with a roughbreathing. The later standard spelling of the name eta, however, has the smooth breathing. Under the Roman emperor Claudius...
of two so-called "breathing marks": the roughbreathing (ἁ), marking an /h/ sound at the beginning of a word, or the smooth breathing (ἀ), marking its...
roughbreathing, equivalent to h (ῥ rh), and a double rho within a word is written with a smooth breathing over the first rho and a roughbreathing over...
second in a pair of medial rhos were always considered to involve roughbreathing whether marked or not. In the diphthongs αυ, ευ, ηυ, ου, υι, ωυ. ELOT...
accent was replaced with a stress accent. Psilosis: loss of roughbreathing, /h/. Roughbreathing had already been lost in the Ionic Greek varieties of Anatolia...
BC, and who, among other things, introduced the signs for the rough and smooth breathings, were still using the distinction between words with and without...
the roughbreathing (equivalent to h) as reflected in the many Greek-derived English words, such as those that begin with hyper- and hypo-. This rough breathing...
right vertical stem (Ͱ). From this sign later developed the sign for roughbreathing or spiritus asper, which brought back the marking of the [h] sound...
pitch Ἁἁ Alpha with roughbreathing Archaic letter denoting the presence of /h/ prior to the vowel Ἅἅ Alpha with acute and roughbreathing Archaic letter denoting...
originally a consonant in Greek and this usage later evolved into the roughbreathing character. The shape of the letter Ḥet ultimately goes back either...
correct adaptation to the Latin script of the Greek spiritus asper, see roughbreathing) with the advantage of having excellent support in many Latin fonts...
δασύ ('roughbreathing'). Finally, a diacritic representing the absence of /h/ was created, and it was called πνεῦμα ψιλόν ('smooth breathing'). The diacritics...
a long-standing tradition of rendering Semitic ayin with the Greek roughbreathing mark ⟨῾⟩ (e.g. ῾arab عَرَب Arabs). Depending on typography, this could...
period, but in Ionic orthography the "h" sound was written with the roughbreathing diacritical mark attached to the upsilon, not with a full letter (Ὺιός)...
cedilla. In Byzantine and modern copies of Ancient Greek, the "rough" and "smooth breathings" (ἁ, ἀ) appear above the letter. In Latvian, Romanian, and Livonian...
sound [h] Debuccalization, the conversion of a consonant to [h] or [ʔ] Roughbreathing, a symbol used in Ancient Greek to indicate an /h/ sound Aspiration...
names. Where a name starts with a roughbreathing, as in Ἑρμῆς (Hermês) "Hermes", it is the initial vowel, not the breathing, which is made capital. Another...
derived from the right part of ⟨H⟩. It represents the aspirate h or roughbreathing. It is found at the beginning of words, and following c, p, and t,...
renders both as ⟨eu⟩. The initial letter 'h' reflecting the historical roughbreathing in words such as Ellēnikē should logically be omitted in transcription...
skink Dasia also refers to dasia pneumata, plural of dasy pneuma or roughbreathing, a diacritic mark used in the Polytonic Greek and Early Cyrillic alphabets...
survive as a roughbreathing provided to the initial vowel and are transliterated by "h" in Latin. However no tradition of a roughbreathing in the pronunciation...
rendering of the Ancient Greek word ῥαφή as the initial letter rho with roughbreathing (spiritus asper) is normally rendered as rh in Latin. The edition of...
Alkyóne originally is written with a smooth breathing mark, but this false origin beginning with a roughbreathing mark (transliterated as the letter H) led...
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