Rhenium information

Rhenium, ₇₅Re
Rhenium
Pronunciation	/ˈriːniəm/ (REE-nee-əm)
Appearance	silvery-grayish
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Re)
	186.207±0.001; 186.21±0.01 (abridged);
Rhenium in the periodic table
	tungsten ← rhenium → osmium
Atomic number (Z)	75
Group	group 7
Period	period 6
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	3459 K (3186 °C, 5767 °F)
Boiling point	5903 K (5630 °C, 10,170 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	21.010 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	18.9 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	60.43 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	704 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.48 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.9
Ionization energies	1st: 760 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1260 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2510 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 137 pm
Covalent radius	151±7 pm
	Spectral lines of rhenium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants	a = 276.10 pm; c = 445.84 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	5.61×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	48.0 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	193 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+67.6×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	463 GPa
Shear modulus	178 GPa
Bulk modulus	370 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	4700 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.30
Mohs hardness	7.0
Vickers hardness	1350–7850 MPa
Brinell hardness	1320–2500 MPa
CAS Number	7440-15-5
History
Naming	after the river Rhine (German: Rhein)
Discovery	Masataka Ogawa (1908)
First isolation	Masataka Ogawa (1919)
Named by	Walter Noddack, Ida Noddack, Otto Berg (1925)
Isotopes of rhenium v; e;
ε	186W
β−	186Os
	Category: Rhenium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Rhenium is a chemical element; it has symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-gray, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. It has the third-highest melting point and second-highest boiling point of any element at 5869 K.^[7] It resembles manganese and technetium chemically and is mainly obtained as a by-product of the extraction and refinement of molybdenum and copper ores. It shows in its compounds a wide variety of oxidation states ranging from −1 to +7.

Rhenium was originally discovered by Masataka Ogawa in 1908, but he mistakenly assigned it as element 43 rather than element 75 and named it nipponium. It was rediscovered by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke and Otto Berg in 1925,^[8] who gave it its present name. It was named after the river Rhine in Europe, from which the earliest samples had been obtained and worked commercially.^[9]

Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. These alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element. The second-most important use is as a catalyst: it is an excellent catalyst for hydrogenation and isomerization, and is used for example in catalytic reforming of naphtha for use in gasoline (rheniforming process). Because of the low availability relative to demand, it is expensive, with price reaching an all-time high in 2008/2009 of US$10,600 per kilogram (US$4,800 per pound). Due to increases in recycling and a drop in demand for rhenium in catalysts, the price had dropped to US$2,844 per kilogram (US$1,290 per pound) as of July 2018.^[10]

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhenium". CIAAW. 1973.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b ^c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ Zhang, Yiming (2011-01-11). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 56.
^ "Die Ekamangane". Naturwissenschaften (in German). 13 (26): 567–574. 1925-06-01. Bibcode:1925NW.....13..567.. doi:10.1007/BF01558746. ISSN 1432-1904. S2CID 32974087.
^ "From Hydrogen to Darmstadtium & More". American Chemical Society. 2003. p. 144.
^ "BASF Catalysts - Metal Prices". apps.catalysts.basf.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2018-04-11.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhenium". CIAAW. 1973.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[5] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[6] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-7] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[8] Zhang, Yiming (2011-01-11). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 56.

[9] "Die Ekamangane". Naturwissenschaften (in German). 13 (26): 567–574. 1925-06-01. Bibcode:1925NW.....13..567.. doi:10.1007/BF01558746. ISSN 1432-1904. S2CID 32974087.

[10] "From Hydrogen to Darmstadtium & More". American Chemical Society. 2003. p. 144.

[11] "BASF Catalysts - Metal Prices". apps.catalysts.basf.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2018-04-11.

Rhenium information

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Rhenium

Rhenium oxyfluoride

Group 7 element

Rhenium chloride

Isotopes of rhenium

Rhenium oxychloride

Rhenium oxide

Rhenium pentachloride

Rhenium pentafluoride

Bohrium

Rhenium tetrafluoride

Rhenium diboride

Rhenium fluoride

Rhenium trioxynitrate

Rhenium compounds

Rhenium trioxide fluoride

Rhenium diselenide

Refractory metals

Rhenium trioxide

Rhenium tetraiodide

Perrhenic acid

Rhenium trioxide chloride

Metal

Dirhenium decacarbonyl

Osmium