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Research ethics is a discipline within the study of applied ethics. Its scope ranges from general scientific integrity and misconduct to the treatment of human and animal subjects. The societal responsibilities science and research has are not traditionally included and less well defined.[1]
The discipline is most developed in medical research. Beyond the issues of falsification, fabrication and plagiarism that arise in every scientific field, research design in human subject research and animal testing are the areas that raise ethical questions themselves most often.
The list of historic cases includes many large scale violations and crimes against humanity such as Nazi human experimentation and the Tuskegee syphilis experiment which lead to international codes of research ethics. No approach has been universally accepted,[2][3][4] but typically cited codes are the 1947 Nuremberg Code, the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, and the 1978 Belmont Report.
Today, research ethics committees, such as those of the US, UK and EU, govern and oversee the responsible conduct of research.
Research in other fields such as social sciences, information technology, biotechnology, or engineering may generate ethical concerns.[2][3][5][6][7][8]
^Douglas, Heather (2014). "The Moral Terrain of Science". Erkenntnis. 79 (S5): 961–979. doi:10.1007/s10670-013-9538-0. ISSN 0165-0106. S2CID 144445475.
^ abCite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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^Stahl, Bernd Carsten; Timmermans, Job; Flick, Catherine (2016-09-19). "Ethics of Emerging Information and Communication Technologies". Science and Public Policy: scw069. doi:10.1093/scipol/scw069. hdl:2086/12331. ISSN 0302-3427.
^Iphofen, Ron (2011). "Ethical Decision-Making in Social Research". SpringerLink. doi:10.1057/9780230233768. ISBN 978-0-230-29634-3.
^Wickson, Fern; Preston, Christopher; Binimelis, Rosa; Herrero, Amaranta; Hartley, Sarah; Wynberg, Rachel; Wynne, Brian (2017-06-09). "Addressing Socio-Economic and Ethical Considerations in Biotechnology Governance: The Potential of a New Politics of Care". Food Ethics. 1 (2): 193–199. doi:10.1007/s41055-017-0014-4. hdl:10871/33650. ISSN 2364-6853. S2CID 256465844.
^Whitbeck, Caroline (2011-08-15). Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976339. ISBN 978-0-521-89797-6.
Researchethics is a discipline within the study of applied ethics. Its scope ranges from general scientific integrity and misconduct to the treatment...
Report. Today, researchethics committees, such as those of the US, UK and EU, govern and oversee the responsible conduct of research. Research in other fields...
usually divided into three major fields: normative ethics, applied ethics, and metaethics. Normative ethics discovers and justifies universal principles that...
The National ResearchEthics Service (NRES) is a UK medical quango which deals with researchethics. Principal Investigators must describe the experiment...
independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or researchethics board (REB), is a committee at an institution that applies researchethics by...
Internet researchethics involves the researchethics of social science, humanities, and scientific research carried out via the Internet. Of particular...
An ethics committee is a body responsible for ensuring that medical experimentation and human subject research are carried out in an ethical manner in...
Medical ethics is an applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research. Medical ethics is based...
Analogous to clinical ethics consultation, ResearchEthics Consultation (REC) describes a formal way for researchers to solicit and receive expert ethical...
Medical ethics is a utilized department of ethics that analyzes the exercise of clinical medicinal drug and associated scientific research. Medical ethics is...
of scarce health resources, or the use of human embryos in research. Environmental ethics is concerned with ecological issues such as the responsibility...
of Helsinki is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human researchethics. The Belmont Report was created in 1978 by the National Commission...
of researchethics and with the Declaration of Helsinki, researchers who conduct human subject research should afford certain rights to research participants...
are made by other type of biologists. Medical research on humans has to strictly follow the medical ethics sanctioned in the Declaration of Helsinki and...
Behavioral ethics is a field of social scientific research that seeks to understand how individuals actually behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas...
Association (WMA), is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human researchethics. Nazi Germany performed human experimentation on large numbers of prisoners...
phases in research subjects that give consent to participate in the clinical trials. Clinical research associate Clinical researchethics Clinical trial...
China to the West. Goldhaber & Nieto (2010), p. 940. Ronald R. Sims (2003). Ethics and corporate social responsibility: Why giants fall. p. 21: "'A myth is...
regulation of animal research was a fundamental step towards the development of animal ethics, as this was when the term "animal ethics" first emerged. In...
areas of marketing ethics (ethics of advertising and promotion) overlap with media and public relations ethics. Marketing ethics is known to have similarities...
Basic research, also called pure research, fundamental research, basic science, or pure science, is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving...
professional scientific research. It is violation of scientific integrity: violation of the scientific method and of researchethics in science, including...
Computer ethics is a part of practical philosophy concerned with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct...
Policies". Applied Research Projects, Texas State University. 3) Thornton, Wayne 2000. "A Descriptive and Exploratory Study of the Ethics Program at Austin...
Reidar; Miller, Franklin (2011). The Oxford Textbook of Clinical ResearchEthics. US: Oxford University Press. p. 36. Yoshimura, Hisato; Iida, Toshiyuki...
severe problems in some areas of biomedicine. It is a problem of researchethics and research integrity affecting academic publishing (academic writing, scientific...
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