Change in luminosity of a moving object due to special relativity
"Doppler beaming" redirects here. For other uses named for Christian Doppler, see Doppler (disambiguation).
"Beaming" redirects here. For beaming in music, see Beam (music). For the album by Tony Oxley, see Beaming (album).
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Only a single jet is visible in M87.Two jets are visible in 3C 31.
In physics, relativistic beaming (also known as Doppler beaming, Doppler boosting, or the headlight effect) is the process by which relativistic effects modify the apparent luminosity of emitting matter that is moving at speeds close to the speed of light. In an astronomical context, relativistic beaming commonly occurs in two oppositely-directed relativistic jets of plasma that originate from a central compact object that is accreting matter. Accreting compact objects and relativistic jets are invoked to explain x-ray binaries, gamma-ray bursts, and, on a much larger scale, active galactic nuclei (quasars are also associated with an accreting compact object, but are thought to be merely a particular variety of active galactic nuclei, or AGNs).
Beaming affects the apparent brightness of a moving object. Consider a cloud of gas moving relative to the observer and emitting electromagnetic radiation. If the gas is moving towards the observer, it will be brighter than if it were at rest, but if the gas is moving away, it will appear fainter. The magnitude of the effect is illustrated by the AGN jets of the galaxies M87 and 3C 31 (see images at right). M87 has twin jets aimed almost directly towards and away from Earth; the jet moving towards Earth is clearly visible (the long, thin blueish feature in the top image), while the other jet is so much fainter it is not visible.[1] In 3C 31, both jets (labeled in the lower figure) are at roughly right angles to our line of sight, and thus, both are visible. The upper jet actually points slightly more in Earth's direction and is therefore brighter.[2]
Relativistically moving objects are beamed due to a variety of physical effects. Light aberration causes most of the photons to be emitted along the object's direction of motion. The Doppler effect changes the energy of the photons by red- or blue-shifting them. Finally, time intervals as measured by clocks moving alongside the emitting object are different from those measured by an observer on Earth due to time dilation and photon arrival time effects. How all of these effects modify the brightness, or apparent luminosity, of a moving object is determined by the equation describing the relativistic Doppler effect (which is why relativistic beaming is also known as Doppler beaming).
^Sparks, W. B.; et al. (1992). "A counterjet in the elliptical galaxy M87". Nature. 355 (6363): 804–806. Bibcode:1992Natur.355..804S. doi:10.1038/355804a0. S2CID 4332596.
^Laing, R.; A. H. Bridle (2002). "Relativistic models and the jet velocity field in the radio galaxy 3C 31". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 336 (1): 328–352. arXiv:astro-ph/0206215. Bibcode:2002MNRAS.336..328L. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05756.x. S2CID 17253191.
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