Relative deprivation is the lack of resources to sustain the diet, lifestyle, activities and amenities that an individual or group are accustomed to or that are widely encouraged or approved in the society to which they belong.[1] Measuring relative deprivation allows an objective comparison between the situation of the individual or group compared to the rest of society. Relative deprivation may also emphasise the individual experience of discontent when being deprived of something to which one believes oneself to be entitled, however emphasizing the perspective of the individual makes objective measurement problematic.[2][3][4]
It is a term used in social sciences to describe feelings or measures of economic, political, or social deprivation that are relative rather than absolute.[3] The term is inextricably linked to the similar terms poverty and social exclusion.[5] The concept of relative deprivation has important consequences for both behaviour and attitudes, including feelings of stress, political attitudes, and participation in collective action. It is relevant to researchers studying multiple fields in social sciences.[2] The concept was first used systematically by the authors of The American Soldier who studied army units and found out that it is the perceived discrepancy between anticipation and attainment which results in feelings of relative deprivation.[6][7]
Social scientists, particularly political scientists and sociologists, have cited relative deprivation, especially temporal relative deprivation, as a potential cause of social movements and deviance, leading in extreme situations to political violence such as rioting, terrorism, civil wars and other instances of social deviance such as crime.[8][9] For example, some scholars of social movements explain their rise by citing grievances of people who feel deprived of what they perceive as values to which they are entitled.[10] Similarly, individuals engage in deviant behaviours when their means do not match their goals.[8]
In response to exploration of the concept of relative deprivation, the term "relative gratification" has emerged in social psychology to discuss the opposite phenomenon.[11][12]
According to a June 2015 report by the IMF, the defining challenge of our time is widening income inequality. In advanced economies, the gap between the rich and poor is at its highest level in decades. Inequality trends have been more mixed in emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs), with some countries experiencing declining inequality, but pervasive inequities in access to education, health care, and finance remain.[13]
^Peter Townsend, Poverty in the United Kingdom : A Survey of household resources and standards of living, Penguin Books, 1979, ISBN 0-520-039769,[1]
^ abIain Walker, Heather J. Smith, Relative Deprivation: Specification, Development, and Integration, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-80132-X, Google Books
^ abKurt Bayertz, Solidarity, Springer, 1999, ISBN 0-7923-5475-3, Google Print p.144
^Schaefer defines it as "the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities.Richard T. Schaefer, Racial and Ethnic Groups, 11th Ed., not in this book Pearson Education, 2008, p.69
^"Relative Poverty, Absolute Poverty and Social Exclusion". Retrieved 2014-01-04.[2]
^"relative deprivation". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
^Gurr, Ted Robert (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691021676.
^ abRobert K. Merton, "Social Structure and Anomie". American Sociological Review 3: 672-82, 1938.
^Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel, Princeton University Press, 1970, ISBN 0-691-07528-X
^Jerry D. Rose, Outbreaks, the sociology of collective behavior, 1982, New York Free Press, ISBN 0-02-926790-0
^Dambrun, M., Taylor, D. M., McDonald, D. A., Crush, J., & Méot, A. (2006). The relative deprivation-gratification continuum and the attitudes of South Africans toward immigrants: a test of the V-curve hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6), 1032.
^Dambrun, M., & Taylor, D. M. (2013). The Counterintuitive Association Between Life Satisfaction and Racism. SAGE Open, 3(3), 2158244013505756.
^Era Dabla-Norris; Kalpana Kochhar; Nujin Suphaphiphat; Frantisek Ricka; Evridiki Tsounta (June 15, 2015). Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality : A Global Perspective. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
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when their success highlights our own failures or inadequacies. Relativedeprivation theory proposes that feelings of dissatisfaction and injustice arise...
greater degree of deprivation. Areas may be “ranked” according to their Townsend score as a means of expressing relativedeprivation. A Townsend score...
important than moving costs in determining labour reallocation. Relativedeprivation theory states that awareness of the income difference between neighbours...
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problem worse. Instead they argue that the root causes of crime lie in relativedeprivation, although preventive measures and policing are necessary, but these...
Indices of deprivation 2004 (ID2004) and because much of the datasets are the same or similar between indices, it allows for a comparison of 'relative deprivation'...
Ted Robert Gurr uses relativedeprivation theory to explain why men commit acts of violence. As Gurr explains, relativedeprivation "is defined as actors'...
are the same or similar between indices allows a comparison of "relativedeprivation" of an area between the two indices. While it is known as the ID2010...
susceptible to extremism. People are driven into movements out of a sense of deprivation or inequality, particularly (1) in relation to others or (2) in relation...
Social deprivation is the reduction or prevention of culturally normal interaction between an individual and the rest of society. This social deprivation is...
population encounters relativedeprivation; Conspiracy when the population but especially the elite encounters relativedeprivation; Internal War, which...
the greatest relativedeprivation, therefore, there is readiness to turn to crime to overcome inequality and eliminate relativedeprivation. Critics of...
conditions, leading to a revolution. Ted Robert Gurr also used the term relativedeprivation to put forth that revolutions happen when there is an expectation...
Fushūgaku Governance failure Hikikomori Mental illness Relativedeprivation Self-image Social deprivation Social exclusion Social stigma Social vulnerability...
monetary and consumption based poverty measures, seeking to capture the deprivations in non-monetary factors that contribute towards well-being. While there...
that it is impossible to not miss out on something. The process of relativedeprivation creates FOMO and dissatisfaction. It reduces psychological well-being...
alternative approach is to define the Gini coefficient as half of the relative mean absolute difference, which is equivalent to the definition based on...
measures of deprivation in the two groups. The Human Development Reports website summarizes this as "A composite index measuring deprivations in the three...
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the rural and urban areas. In its Tenth Five-Year Plan, the degree of deprivation is measured with the help of parameters with scores given from 0–4, with...
into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking...
Fushūgaku Governance failure Hikikomori Mental illness Relativedeprivation Self-image Social deprivation Social exclusion Social stigma Social vulnerability...
index makes use of data collected at the Census to calculate the relativedeprivation of an area, therefore there have been four versions: 1981, 1991,...
support systems are frequently eschewed in favor of self-reliance and relativedeprivation in order to maximize independence and self-determination. The degree...
absolute welfare levels and the probability of civil war outbreak, relativedeprivation may actually be a more pertinent possible cause. Historically, higher...
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