Multidimensional Poverty Indices use a range of indicators to calculate a summary poverty figure for a given population, in which a larger figure indicates a higher level of poverty. This figure considers both the proportion of the population that is deemed poor, and the 'breadth' of poverty experienced by these 'poor' households, following the Alkire & Foster 'counting method'.[1] The method was developed following increased criticism of monetary and consumption based poverty measures, seeking to capture the deprivations in non-monetary factors that contribute towards well-being. While there is a standard set of indicators, dimensions, cutoffs and thresholds used for a 'Global MPI',[2] the method is flexible and there are many examples of poverty studies that modify it to best suit their environment. The methodology has been mainly, but not exclusively,[3] applied to developing countries.
The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed in 2010 by the Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development Programme[4] and uses health, education and standard of living indicators to determine the incidence and intensity of poverty experienced by a population.[5][6] It has since been used to measure acute poverty across over 100 developing countries. The Global MPI is released annually by UNDP and OPHI and the results published in their websites. The MPI is published along with the Human Development Index (HDI) in the Human Development Report.[7] It replaced the Human Poverty Index.
MPI Headcount in West Africa
Multidimensional Poverty Indices typically use the household as their unit of analysis, though this is not an absolute requirement.[8] A household is deprived for a given indicator if they fail to satisfy a given 'cutoff' (e.g. having at least one adult member with at least six years of education). A household is assigned a 'deprivation score' determined by the number of indicators they are deprived in and the 'weights' assigned to those indicators. Each dimension (health, education, standard of living, etc.) is typically given an equal weighting, and each indicator within the dimension is also typically weighted equally. If this household deprivation score exceeds a given threshold (e.g. 1/3) then a household is considered to be 'multiply deprived', or simply 'poor'. The final 'MPI score' (or 'Adjusted Headcount Ratio') is determined by the proportion of households deemed 'poor', multiplied by the average deprivation score of 'poor' households.[8]
MPI advocates state that the method can be used to create a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty, and permits comparisons both across countries, regions and the world and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural location, as well as other key household and community characteristics. MPIs are useful as an analytical tool to identify the most vulnerable people – the poorest among the poor, revealing poverty patterns within countries and over time, enabling policy makers to target resources and design policies more effectively.[8] Critics of this methodology have pointed out that changes to cutoffs and thresholds, as well as the indicators included and weightings attributed to them can change MPI scores and the resulting poverty evaluation.[9][10]
^Alkire & Foster (2011). "Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurement". Journal of Public Economics. 95 (7–8): 476–487. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.006. S2CID 6113312.
^Alkire, Roche & Seth (2013). The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index. Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative.
^Suppa, Nicolai (2018). "Towards a multidimensional poverty index for Germany" (PDF). Empirica. 45, 4 (4): 655–683. doi:10.1007/s10663-017-9385-3. hdl:10419/106992. S2CID 159012835.
^"A wealth of data. A useful new way to capture the many aspects of poverty". The Economist. July 29, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-04. Aided by the improved availability of survey data about living conditions for households in over 100 developing countries, the researchers have come up with a new index, called the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) will use in its next "Human Development Report" in October.
^"Poverty index reveals stark inequalities among ethnic groups | United Nations Development Programme". UNDP. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
^Tandon, Tulika (21 October 2021). "Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021: What is Multidimensional Poverty and India's Rank?". Jagranjosh.com.
^Maiti, K.D.; Mehrotra, Santosh. "The Curious Case of India's Millions of 'Missing' Poor People". The Wire. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
^Cavapozzi, Han & Miniaci (2015). "Alternative weighting structures for multidimensional poverty assessment". Journal of Economic Inequality. 13, 3 (3): 425–447. doi:10.1007/s10888-015-9301-7. hdl:11379/459215. S2CID 158176100.
^Ravallion, Martin (2011-06-01). "On multidimensional indices of poverty" (PDF). The Journal of Economic Inequality. 9 (2): 235–248. doi:10.1007/s10888-011-9173-4. hdl:10986/3346. ISSN 1573-8701. S2CID 14917462.
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