For the list of countries sorted by the Gini coefficient, see List of countries by Gini coefficient.
Map of income inequality Gini coefficients by country (%). Based on World Bank data ranging from 1992 to 2020.[1]
Above 50
Between 45 and 50
Between 40 and 45
Between 35 and 40
Between 30 and 35
Below 30
No data
A different map showing wealth Gini coefficients within countries for 2019[2]Share of income of the top 1% for selected developed countries, 1975 to 2015
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In economics, the Gini coefficient (/ˈdʒiːni/JEE-nee), also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality, the wealth inequality, or the consumption inequality[3] within a nation or a social group. It was developed by Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini.
The Gini coefficient measures the inequality among the values of a frequency distribution, such as levels of income. A Gini coefficient of 0 reflects perfect equality, where all income or wealth values are the same, while a Gini coefficient of 1 (or 100%) reflects maximal inequality among values, a situation where a single individual has all the income while all others have none.[4][5]
The Gini coefficient was proposed by Corrado Gini as a measure of inequality of income or wealth.[6] For OECD countries in the late 20th century, considering the effect of taxes and transfer payments, the income Gini coefficient ranged between 0.24 and 0.49, with Slovakia being the lowest and Mexico the highest.[7] African countries had the highest pre-tax Gini coefficients in 2008–2009, with South Africa having the world's highest, estimated to be 0.63 to 0.7.[8][9] However, this figure drops to 0.52 after social assistance is taken into account, and drops again to 0.47 after taxation.[10] The country with the lowest Gini coefficient is Slovakia, with a Gini coefficient of 0.232.[11] The Gini coefficient of the global income in 2005 has been estimated to be between 0.61 and 0.68 by various sources.[12][13]
There are some issues in interpreting a Gini coefficient, as the same value may result from many different distribution curves. To mitigate this, the demographic structure should be taken into account. Countries with an aging population, or those with an increased birth rate, experience an increasing pre-tax Gini coefficient even if real income distribution for working adults remains constant. Many scholars have devised over a dozen variants of the Gini coefficient.[14][15][16]
^"Gini index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
^"Global wealth databook 2019" (PDF). Credit Suisse. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2019.
^"Glossary | DataBank".
^"Current Population Survey (CPS) – Definitions and Explanations". US Census Bureau.
^Note: Gini coefficient could be near one only in a large population where a few persons has all the income. In the special case of just two people, where one has no income, and the other has all the income, the Gini coefficient is 0.5. For five people, where four have no income, and the fifth has all the income, the Gini coefficient is 0.8. See: FAO, United Nations – Inequality Analysis, The Gini Index Module Archived 13 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine (PDF format), fao.org.
^Gini, Corrado (1936). "On the Measure of Concentration with Special Reference to Income and Statistics", Colorado College Publication, General Series No. 208, 73–79.
^"Income distribution – Inequality: Income distribution – Inequality – Country tables". OECD. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014.
^"South Africa Snapshot, Q4 2013" (PDF). KPMG. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2016.
^"Gini Coefficient". United Nations Development Program. 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014.
^Schüssler, Mike (16 July 2014). "The Gini is still in the bottle". Money Web. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
^"World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^Hillebrand, Evan (June 2009). "Poverty, Growth, and Inequality over the Next 50 Years" (PDF). FAO, United Nations – Economic and Social Development Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2017.
^Cite error: The named reference undp10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Yitzhaki, Shlomo (1998). "More than a Dozen Alternative Ways of Spelling Gini" (PDF). Economic Inequality. 8: 13–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2012.
^Sung, Myung Jae (August 2010). "Population Aging, Mobility of Quarterly Incomes, and Annual Income Inequality: Theoretical Discussion and Empirical Findings". Korea Insitute of Public Finance. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.365.4156.
^Cite error: The named reference blomq81 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
In economics, the Ginicoefficient (/ˈdʒiːni/ JEE-nee), also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to...
or dependencies by income inequality metrics, including Ginicoefficients. The Ginicoefficient is a number between 0 and 1, where 0 corresponds with perfect...
Corrado Gini (23 May 1884 – 13 March 1965) was an Italian statistician, demographer and sociologist who developed the Ginicoefficient, a measure of the...
also increase. Ginicoefficient (or Gini index) is an indicator that is often used to determine wealth inequality. A Ginicoefficient of 0 reflects perfect...
closely associated with measures of income inequality, such as the Ginicoefficient. The concept of inequality is distinct from that of poverty and fairness...
= 100%. This curve is called the "line of perfect inequality." The Ginicoefficient is the ratio of the area between the line of perfect equality and the...
most common metrics used to measure inequality are the Gini index (also known as Ginicoefficient), the Theil index, and the Hoover index. They have all...
Look up gini in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Gini may refer to: Ginicoefficient (also the Gini index) in economics, an indicator of income equality...
like the Ginicoefficient which is constrained to be between 0 and 1). It is, however, more mathematically tractable than the Ginicoefficient. Archaeologists...
median wealth, Ginicoefficient, distribution of adults (%) by wealth range, and number of adults. All of that info (except the Ginicoefficient) is also in...
estimated that China's Ginicoefficient increased from 0.30 to 0.55 between 1980 and 2002. At this time, the Ginicoefficient for rural – urban inequality...
and density of unemployment funds occurred. In 2010, Sweden's income Ginicoefficient was the third lowest among developed countries, at 0.25—slightly higher...
difference divided by the arithmetic mean, and equal to twice the Ginicoefficient. The mean absolute difference is also known as the absolute mean difference...
by Ginicoefficient. India had a Ginicoefficient of 32.5 in the year 1999- 2000; India's nominal Gini index rose to 36.8 in 2005, while real Gini after...
poverty line and a quarter lived below $2.15 a day. Having the highest Ginicoefficient of 63.0, South Africa is considered to be one of, if not the most,...
(for example, 0.8:0.2) and with A + B = 1, inequality measures like the Gini index (G) and the Hoover index (H) can be computed. In this case both are...
Specifically, the Ginicoefficient is twice the area between the Lorenz curve and the equidistribution line. The Ginicoefficient for the Pareto distribution...
progressiveness, named for economist Daniel B. Suits. Similar to the Ginicoefficient, the Suits index is calculated by comparing the area under the Lorenz...
all the income). Thus, a Ginicoefficient that increases over time indicates rising income inequality." "The Ginicoefficient can also be interpreted as...
Curve and the diagonal line calculates the Ginicoefficient, which ranges from 0 to 1. A higher Ginicoefficient indicates higher income inequality, with...
inequality is considerably lower. According to Eurostat, Denmark's Ginicoefficient for disposable income was the 7th-lowest among EU countries in 2017...
Income inequality metrics are used for measuring income inequality, the Ginicoefficient being a widely used one. Another type of measurement is the Inequality-adjusted...
"well-being." If we look at the Ginicoefficient for world income, over time, after World War II the global Ginicoefficient sat at just under .45. From around...
Ginicoefficients. Wealth distribution can vary greatly from income distribution in a country (see List of countries by income equality). Higher Gini...
property of the Theil index which the more popular Ginicoefficient does not offer. The Ginicoefficient is more intuitive to many people since it is based...
several other different income inequality metrics, for example, the Ginicoefficient or the Theil Index. Rather than income, poverty is also measured through...
increased during the last decades. In 2017, Denmark had the seventh-lowest Ginicoefficient (a measure of economic inequality) of the then 28 European Union countries...
slight increase in the number of low income in those over 65. The Ginicoefficient declined from 0.343 in 2010 to 0.302 in 2020, which is an indicator...
the United States' GiniCoefficient at 41% while the CIA Factbook placed the coefficient at 45%. The United States' GiniCoefficient was below 40% in 1964...
Global Information
