Global InformationRegulation of genetic engineering information
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| Genetic engineering |
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| Genetically modified organisms |
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The regulation of genetic engineering varies widely by country. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Lebanon and Egypt use substantial equivalence as the starting point when assessing safety, while many countries such as those in the European Union, Brazil and China authorize GMO cultivation on a case-by-case basis. Many countries allow the import of GM food with authorization, but either do not allow its cultivation (Russia, Norway, Israel) or have provisions for cultivation, but no GM products are yet produced (Japan, South Korea). Most countries that do not allow for GMO cultivation do permit research.[2] Most (85%) of the world's GMO crops are grown in the Americas (North and South).[1] One of the key issues concerning regulators is whether GM products should be labeled. Labeling of GMO products in the marketplace is required in 64 countries.[3] Labeling can be mandatory up to a threshold GM content level (which varies between countries) or voluntary. A study investigating voluntary labeling in South Africa found that 31% of products labeled as GMO-free had a GM content above 1.0%.[4] In Canada and the USA labeling of GM food is voluntary,[5] while in Europe all food (including processed food) or feed which contains greater than 0.9% of approved GMOs must be labelled.[6][7]
There is a scientific consensus[8][9][10][11] that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food,[12][13][14][15][16] but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction.[17][18][19] Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.[20][21][22][23] The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.[24][25][26][27]
There is no evidence to support the idea that the consumption of approved GM food has a detrimental effect on human health.[28][29][30] Some scientists and advocacy groups, such as Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund, have however called for additional and more rigorous testing for GM food.[29]
- ^ a b Paull, John & Hennig, Benjamin (2019) New World Map of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Agriculture: North and South America = 85%, Acres. 101: 59-60.
- ^ Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms. Library of Congress, March 2014 (LL File No. 2013-009894). Summary about a number of countries. via
- ^ Hallenbeck T (2014-04-27). "How GMO labeling came to pass in Vermont". Burlington Free Press. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
- ^ Botha GM, Viljoen CD (2009). "South Africa: A case study for voluntary GM labelling". Food Chemistry. 112 (4): 1060–64. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.050.
- ^ "The Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods". Office of Biotechnology and Science. Government of Canada. 12 December 2012.
- ^ Davison J (2010). "GM plants: Science, politics and EC regulations". Plant Science. 178 (2): 94–98. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.12.005.
- ^ Stazi, Andrea (2020-08-30). "Genetically Modified Organisms and Sustainable Development: Regulatory Approaches, Access to Resources and Traceability". Rochester, NY.
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Council on Foreign Relationswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ^ a b United States Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/10977. ISBN 978-0-309-09209-8. See pp11ff on need for better standards and tools to evaluate GM food.
- ^ Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM (June 2008). "Genetically modified plants and human health". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 101 (6): 290–8. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372. PMC 2408621. PMID 18515776.