Natural genetic engineering (NGE) is a class of process proposed by molecular biologist James A. Shapiro to account for novelty created in the course of biological evolution. Shapiro developed this work in several peer-reviewed publications from 1992 onwards, and later in his 2011 book Evolution: A View from the 21st Century, which has been updated with a second edition in 2022.[1] He uses NGE to account for several proposed counterexamples to the central dogma of molecular biology (Francis Crick's proposal of 1957 that the direction of the flow of sequence information is only from nucleic acid to proteins, and never the reverse). Shapiro drew from work as diverse as the adaptivity of the mammalian immune system, ciliate macronuclei and epigenetics. The work gained some measure of notoriety after being championed by proponents of Intelligent Design, despite Shapiro's explicit repudiation of that movement.
Geneticengineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology...
argues that a superset of these examples should be classified as naturalgeneticengineering and are sufficient to falsify the central dogma. While Shapiro...
Geneticengineering is the science of manipulating genetic material of an organism. The first artificial genetic modification accomplished using biotechnology...
Geneticengineering techniques allow the modification of animal and plant genomes. Techniques have been devised to insert, delete, and modify DNA at multiple...
religious movement that views Islam as a culture and a way of life Naturalgeneticengineering NGE, an abbreviation for the N-Gage portable game console by...
Gene editing may refer to: Geneticengineering of any organism by genome editing. Gene editing is the emerging molecular biology technique which makes...
computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger...
Human genetic enhancement or human geneticengineering refers to human enhancement by means of a genetic modification. This could be done in order to cure...
The regulation of geneticengineering varies widely by country. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Lebanon and Egypt use substantial equivalence...
as "the dispersal of contaminated altered genes from genetically engineered organisms to natural organisms, esp. by cross-pollination", but has come to...
genetically engineering mammals is a slow, tedious, and expensive process. As with other genetically modified organisms (GMOs), first genetic engineers...
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using geneticengineering techniques. The exact definition...
changes introduced into their DNA using various methods of geneticengineering. Geneticengineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as...
It was the first plant to be genetically engineered and is considered a model organism for not only geneticengineering, but a range of other fields....
Engineering is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to solve technical problems, increase efficiency...
A genetically modified soybean is a soybean (Glycine max) that has had DNA introduced into it using geneticengineering techniques.: 5 In 1996, the first...
Genetically modified rice are rice strains that have been genetically modified (also called geneticengineering). Rice plants have been modified to increase...
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide...
argument. Shapiro states that these "naturalgeneticengineering" systems, can produce radical reorganizations of the "genetic apparatus within a single cell...
J.A. (2007). “Bacteria are small but not stupid: cognition, naturalgeneticengineering and socio-bacteriology.” Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci...
Genetic recombination (also known as genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of...
a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and...
Natural Resources Engineering, the sixth Abet accredited environmental engineering program in the United States, is a subset of environmental engineering...
Civil engineering comprises the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and natural built environments. Electrical engineering comprises...
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