Mother: Bleeding after delivery[2] Baby: Fetal growth restriction[1]
Usual onset
Second half of pregnancy[1]
Risk factors
Older age, smoking, prior cesarean section, labor induction, or termination of pregnancy[3][4]
Diagnostic method
Ultrasound[1]
Differential diagnosis
Placental abruption[1]
Treatment
Bed rest, cesarean section[1]
Frequency
0.5% of pregnancies[5]
Placenta praevia is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but in a position near or over the cervical opening.[1] Symptoms include vaginal bleeding in the second half of pregnancy.[1] The bleeding is bright red and tends not to be associated with pain.[1] Complications may include placenta accreta, dangerously low blood pressure, or bleeding after delivery.[2][4] Complications for the baby may include fetal growth restriction.[1]
Risk factors include pregnancy at an older age and smoking as well as prior cesarean section, labor induction, or termination of pregnancy.[6][3][4] Diagnosis is by ultrasound.[1] It is classified as a complication of pregnancy.[1]
For those who are less than 36 weeks pregnant with only a small amount of bleeding recommendations may include bed rest and avoiding sexual intercourse.[1] For those after 36 weeks of pregnancy or with a significant amount of bleeding, cesarean section is generally recommended.[1] In those less than 36 weeks pregnant, corticosteroids may be given to speed development of the baby's lungs.[1] Cases that occur in early pregnancy may resolve on their own.[1]
Placenta praevia affects approximately 0.5% of pregnancies.[5] After four cesarean sections, however, it affects 10% of pregnancies.[4] Rates of disease have increased over the late 20th century and early 21st century.[3] The condition was first described in 1685 by Paul Portal.[7]
^ abcdefghijklmnop"Placenta Previa – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. October 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ abFan, D; Xia, Q; Liu, L; Wu, S; Tian, G; Wang, W; Wu, S; Guo, X; Liu, Z (2017). "The Incidence of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Pregnant Women with Placenta Previa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE. 12 (1): e0170194. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270194F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170194. PMC 5249070. PMID 28107460.
^ abcPalacios-Jaraquemada, JM (April 2013). "Caesarean section in cases of placenta praevia and accreta". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 27 (2): 221–32. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.10.003. PMID 23127895.
^ abcdAllahdin, S; Voigt, S; Htwe, TT (2011). "Management of placenta praevia and accreta". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 31 (1): 1–6. doi:10.3109/01443615.2010.532248. PMID 21280984. S2CID 24852549.
^ abCresswell, JA; Ronsmans, C; Calvert, C; Filippi, V (June 2013). "Prevalence of placenta praevia by world region: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 18 (6): 712–24. doi:10.1111/tmi.12100. PMID 23551357. S2CID 22138793.
^Karami, Manoochehr; Jenabi, Ensiyeh (28 July 2017). "Placenta previa after prior abortion: a meta-analysis". Biomedical Research and Therapy. 4 (7): 1071–1078. doi:10.15419/bmrat.v4i07.197. PMID 9396896.
^Baskett, Thomas F.; Calder, Andrew A.; Arulkumaran, Sabaratnam (2014). Munro Kerr's Operative Obstetrics E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7020-5248-4.
Placentapraevia is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but in a position near or over the cervical opening. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding...
Placentapraevia, when the placement of the placenta is too close to or blocks the cervix Placental abruption, premature detachment of the placenta Placentitis...
Johnston, T A; Paterson-Brown, S (January 2011). PlacentaPraevia, PlacentaPraevia Accreta and Vasa Praevia: Diagnosis and Management. Green-top Guideline...
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indicated or may cause harm. These include recent antepartum haemorrhage, placentapraevia, abnormal fetal monitoring, ruptured membranes, multiple pregnancy...
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