Chest X-ray of a case of IRDS, with fine granular opacities, air bronchograms and bell-shaped thorax
Specialty
Pediatrics, obstetrics
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), also called respiratory distress syndrome of newborn, or increasingly surfactant deficiency disorder (SDD),[2] and previously called hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a syndrome in premature infants caused by developmental insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs. It can also be a consequence of neonatal infection and can result from a genetic problem with the production of surfactant-associated proteins.[3][4]
IRDS affects about 1% of newborns and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants.[5] Data have shown the choice of elective caesarean sections to strikingly increase the incidence of respiratory distress in term infants; dating back to 1995, the UK first documented 2,000 annual caesarean section births requiring neonatal admission for respiratory distress.[6] The incidence decreases with advancing gestational age, from about 50% in babies born at 26–28 weeks to about 25% at 30–31 weeks. The syndrome is more frequent in males, Caucasians, infants of diabetic mothers and the second-born of premature twins.[7]
IRDS is distinct from pulmonary hypoplasia, another leading cause of neonatal death that involves respiratory distress.[citation needed]
The European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome highlight new possibilities for early detection, and therefore treatment of IRDS.[8] The guidelines mention an easy to use rapid point-of-care predictive test that is now available[9] and how lung ultrasound, with appropriate training, expertise and equipment, may offer an alternative way of diagnosing IRDS early.[10]
^"neonatal respiratory distress syndrome" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^Northway Jr, WH; Rosan, RC; Porter, DY (Feb 16, 1967). "Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 276 (7): 357–68. doi:10.1056/NEJM196702162760701. PMID 5334613.
^Santosham, Mathuram; Chan, Grace J.; Lee, Anne CC; Baqui, Abdullah H.; Tan, Jingwen; Black, Robert E. (2013). "Risk of Early-Onset Neonatal Infection with Maternal Infection or Colonization: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS Medicine. 10 (8): e1001502. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001502. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 3747995. PMID 23976885.
^Sinha, Sunil (2012). Essential neonatal medicine. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470670408; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^Rodriguez RJ, Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA (2002). "Respiratory distress syndrome and its management". In Fanaroff, Avroy A, Martin, Richard J (eds.). Neonatal-perinatal medicine: diseases of the fetus and infant. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 1001–1011. ISBN 978-0-323-00929-4.
^Edwards, Martin O.; Kotecha, Sarah J.; Kotecha, Sailesh (1 March 2013). "Respiratory Distress of the Term Newborn Infant". Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 14 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2012.02.002. PMID 23347658.
^"Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome. IRDS information". April 2022.
^Sweet, David G.; Carnielli, Virgilio P.; Greisen, Gorm; Hallman, Mikko; Klebermass-Schrehof, Katrin; Ozek, Eren; te Pas, Arjan; Plavka, Richard; Roehr, Charles C.; Saugstad, Ola D.; Simeoni, Umberto; Speer, Christian P.; Vento, Maximo; Visser, Gerry H.A.; Halliday, Henry L. (March 2023). "European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: 2022 Update". Neonatology. 120 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1159/000528914. ISSN 1661-7800. PMC 10064400. PMID 36863329.
^Heiring, Christian; Verder, Henrik; Schousboe, Peter; Jessen, Torben E.; Bender, Lars; Ebbesen, Finn; Dahl, Marianne; Eschen, Christian; Fenger‐Grøn, Jesper; Höskuldsson, Agnar; Matthews, Morgaine; Reinholdt, Jes; Scoutaris, Nikolaos; Smedegaard, Heidi (February 2020). "Predicting respiratory distress syndrome at birth using a fast test based on spectroscopy of gastric aspirates: 2. Clinical part". Acta Paediatrica. 109 (2): 285–290. doi:10.1111/apa.14831. ISSN 0803-5253. PMC 7004016. PMID 31038796.
^Capasso, Letizia; Pacella, Daniela; Migliaro, Fiorella; De Luca, Daniele; Raimondi, Francesco (2021-07-28). "Can lung ultrasound score accurately predict the need for surfactant replacement in preterm neonates? A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol". PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0255332. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1655332C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255332. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8318286. PMID 34320032.
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