Perspective geological correlation information

Geological perspective correlation is a theory in geology describing geometrical regularities in the layering of sediments. Seventy percent of the Earth's surface are occupied by sedimentary basins^[1] – volumes consisted of sediments accumulated during million years, and alternated by long interruptions in sedimentation (hiatuses). The most noticeable feature of the rocks, which filled the basins, is layering (stratification).^[2] Stratigraphy is a part of Geology that investigates the phenomenon of layering. It describes the sequence of layers in the basin as consisted of stratigraphic units. Units are defined on the basis of their lithology and have no clear definition.^[3] Geological Perspective Correlation (GPC) is a theory that divided the geological cross-section in units according strong mathematical rule: all borders of layers in this unit obey the law of perspective geometry.^[4]
Sedimentation layers are mainly created in shallow waters of oceans, seas, and lakes. As new layers are deposited the old ones are sinking deeper due to the weight of accumulating sediments.^[5] The content of sedimentary layers (lithological and biological), their order in the sequence, and geometrical characteristics keep records of the history of the Earth, of past climate, sea-level and environment.^[1] Most knowledge about the sedimentary basins came from exploration drilling when searching for oil and gas. The essential feature of this information is that each layer is penetrated by the wells in a number of scattered locations. This raises the problem of identifying each layer in all wells – the geological correlation problem^[6] The identification is based on comparison of 1) physical and mineralogical characteristics of the particular layer (lithostratigraphy), or 2) petrified remnants in this layer (biostratigraphy).^[7] The similarity of layers is decreasing as the distance between the cross-sections increases that leads to ambiguity of the correlation scheme that indicates which layers penetrated at different locations belong to the same body (see A). To improve the results geologists take in consideration the spatial relations between layers, which restricted the number of acceptable correlations. The first restriction was formulated in XVII century: the sequence of layers is the same in any cross-section. The second one was discovered by Haites in 1963:^[8] In an undisturbed sequence of layers (strata) the thicknesses (H1 and H2) of any layer observed in two different locations obey the law of perspective geometry, i.e. the perspective ratio K = H1/H2 is the same for all layers in this succession. This theory attracted attention around the world.,^[9]^[10]^[11] and particularly in Russia^[12]^[13]^[14] The theory is also a basis of the method of graphical correlation in biostratigraphy widely used in oil and coal industries.^[15]^[16]^[17]

^ ^a ^b Watts, A.B., The Formation of Sedimentary Basins. In "Understanding the Earth", Chapter 15, Cambridge University Press., 1992
^ "stratification | geology". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Chapter 5. Lithostratigraphic Units". International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2013–2014.
^ Young, John Wesley (1930), Projective Geometry, The Carus Mathematical Monographs (#4), Mathematical Association of America
^ Allen, Philip A.; John R. Allen (2008). Basin analysis : principles and applications (2. ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Malden, MA [u.a.]: Blackwell.
^ Van Wagoner J., Mitchum R., Campion, K. and Rahmanian V. Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well Logs, Cores, and Outcrops: Concepts for High-Resolution Correlation of Time and Facies AAPG Methods in Exploration Series, No. 7, 1990.
^ Kearey, Philip (2001). Dictionary of Geology (2nd ed.) London, New York, etc.: Penguin Reference, London, p. 123
^ T. Binnert Heites. (1963). Perspective correlation. APG Bulletin vol. 47, N 4.
^ Cite error: The named reference Miall was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Tipper was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Hansen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference GubCorr was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Edel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Salin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Shaw was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Edwards was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Nemec W. (1988). Coal Correlations and Intrabasinal Subsidence. In: K. L. Kleinspehn et al. (eds.), New Perspectives in Basin Analysis © Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

[Watts-1] Watts, A.B., The Formation of Sedimentary Basins. In "Understanding the Earth", Chapter 15, Cambridge University Press., 1992

[2] "stratification | geology". Encyclopædia Britannica.

[3] Chapter 5. Lithostratigraphic Units". International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2013–2014.

[4] Young, John Wesley (1930), Projective Geometry, The Carus Mathematical Monographs (#4), Mathematical Association of America

[5] Allen, Philip A.; John R. Allen (2008). Basin analysis : principles and applications (2. ed., [Nachdr.] ed.). Malden, MA [u.a.]: Blackwell.

[succession-6] Van Wagoner J., Mitchum R., Campion, K. and Rahmanian V. Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well Logs, Cores, and Outcrops: Concepts for High-Resolution Correlation of Time and Facies AAPG Methods in Exploration Series, No. 7, 1990.

[7] Kearey, Philip (2001). Dictionary of Geology (2nd ed.) London, New York, etc.: Penguin Reference, London, p. 123

[Haites-8] T. Binnert Heites. (1963). Perspective correlation. APG Bulletin vol. 47, N 4.

[Miall-9] Cite error: The named reference Miall was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Tipper-10] Cite error: The named reference Tipper was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Hansen-11] Cite error: The named reference Hansen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[GubCorr-12] Cite error: The named reference GubCorr was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Edel-13] Cite error: The named reference Edel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Salin-14] Cite error: The named reference Salin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Shaw-15] Cite error: The named reference Shaw was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Edwards-16] Cite error: The named reference Edwards was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Nemec-17] Nemec W. (1988). Coal Correlations and Intrabasinal Subsidence. In: K. L. Kleinspehn et al. (eds.), New Perspectives in Basin Analysis © Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

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