Subdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS, as of 2021.[5] Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
Etymology
Name formality
Formal
Usage information
Celestial body
Earth
Regional usage
Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used
ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit
Age
Stratigraphic unit
Stage
Time span formality
Formal
Lower boundary definition
Not formally defined
Lower boundary definition candidates
FAD of the Conodont Neospathodus waageni
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
Mud (Muth) village, Spiti valley, India[6]
Upper boundary definition
Not formally defined
Upper boundary definition candidates
FAD of the Conodont Chiosella timorensis
Base of magnetic zone MT1n
Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
Desli Caira, Northern Dobruja, Romania
Guandao, Guizhou, China
In the geologic timescale, the Olenekian is an age in the Early Triassic epoch; in chronostratigraphy, it is a stage in the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 251.2 Ma and 247.2 Ma (million years ago).[7] The Olenekian is sometimes divided into the Smithian and the Spathian subages or substages.[8] The Olenekian follows the Induan and is followed by the Anisian (Middle Triassic).[9]
The Olenekian saw the deposition of a large part of the Buntsandstein in Europe. The Olenekian is roughly coeval with the regional Yongningzhenian Stage used in China.
^Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.
^
Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
^Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391. S2CID 35498132.
^Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic". A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016. Elsevier. pp. 133–149. ISBN 978-0-444-63771-0.
^"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^According to Gradstein (2004). Brack et al. (2005) give 251 to 248 Ma
^Tozer, E. T. (1965). "Lower Triassic stages and ammonoid zones of Arctic Canada". Geological Survey of Canada Paper. 65–12: 1–14. doi:10.4095/100985.
^See for a detailed geologic timescale Gradstein et al. (2004)
In the geologic timescale, the Olenekian is an age in the Early Triassic epoch; in chronostratigraphy, it is a stage in the Lower Triassic series. It...
with exact stratigraphic datum lies within the Spathian division of the Olenekian era in South China. Early examples were small (around 60 cm), semi-aquatic...
Smithian Thermal Maximum (LSTT) around 249 to 248 Ma. During the Latest Olenekian Cooling (LOC), from 248 to 247 Ma, temperatures cooled by about 6 °C....
the coast of the northern half of Pangea, as they are known from the Olenekian (Early Triassic) and early Anisian (early Middle Triassic) of Japan, China...
divided into the Induan and Olenekian ages. The Induan is subdivided into the Griesbachian and Dienerian subages and the Olenekian is subdivided into the Smithian...
preceded by the Changhsingian (latest Permian) and is followed by the Olenekian. The Induan is roughly coeval with the regional Feixianguanian Stage of...
genus becoming abundant and globally distributed during the following Olenekian. During the Anisian, the genus declined following the development of a...
lived in the late Permian. The oldest true archosaurs appeared during the Olenekian stage (247–251 Ma) of the Early Triassic. A few fragmentary fossils of...
to a number of smaller biotic crises, including the Smithian-Spathian, Olenekian-Anisian, Middle-Late Anisian, and Anisian-Ladinian extinction events....
and Poposauridae, as well as a number of forms (e.g. those from the Olenekian of Russia) that are too primitive and/or poorly known to fit in any of...
herbivorous, and insectivorous cynodonts, including the eucynodonts from the Olenekian age, an early representative of which was Cynognathus. Unlike the dicynodonts...
lengths of three meters or more. Pseudosuchians appeared during the late Olenekian (early Triassic); by the Ladinian (late Middle Triassic) they dominated...
The earliest ichthyosaurs are known from the Early and Early-Middle (Olenekian and Anisian) Triassic strata of Canada, China, Japan, and Spitsbergen...
(2024) describe vertebrae of a member of the genus Cymbospondylus from the Olenekian Vikinghøgda Formation (Svalbard, Norway), interpreted as likely belonging...
Lystrosaurus Temporal range: Late Permian (Lopingian)–Early Triassic (Olenekian), 255–250 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ L. hedini skeletal mount from...
the origin of avemetatarsalians would be pushed back into the early Olenekian age, around 249 Ma. The oldest Polish footprints are classified in the...
Fossils have been found from European Russia that date back to the upper Olenekian stage of the Early Triassic. The genus was originally assigned as a new...
Tentative dating schemes place the CAZ around the latest Early Triassic (late Olenekian stage) or earliest Middle Triassic (early Anisian stage), approximately...
Parotosuchus decumanticus Sp. nov Valid Schoch & Moreno Early Triassic (Olenekian) Volpriehausen Formation Germany Stenokranio Gen. et sp. nov Valid Werneburg...
This genus is known from the Petropavlovka formation, dating to the Olenekian age (early Triassic), and is named after David Attenborough for his work...
parareptiles from the late Early Triassic to the early Middle Triassic (Olenekian and Anisian stages) of Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe and South America...
ox-sized animals were the most abundant herbivores worldwide from the Olenekian to the Ladinian age. By the Carnian they had been supplanted by traversodont...
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