For the language spoken by this group, see Pennsylvania Dutch language.
Pennsylvania Dutch Pennsylvanisch Deitsche
The Flag of Pennsylvania in 1863
Regions with significant populations
German Pennsylvania Ohio, Indiana, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, West Virginia, California, Ontario
Languages
Pennsylvania Dutch Pennsylvania Dutch English
Religion
Lutheran, Reformed, German Reformed, Catholic, Moravian, Church of the Brethren, Mennonite, Amish, Schwenkfelder, River Brethren, Yorker Brethren, Judaism, Pow-wow, Jehovah's Witnesses
The Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsylvania Dutch: Pennsylvanisch Deitsche),[1][2][3] commonly referred to as Pennsylvania Germans, are an ethnic group in Pennsylvania and other regions of the United States, predominantly in the Mid-Atlantic region of the nation.[4][5][6] They largely descend from the Palatinate region of Germany, and settled in Pennsylvania during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. While most were from the Palatinate region of Germany, a lesser number were from other German-speaking areas of Germany and Europe, including Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Saxony, and Rhineland in Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the Alsace–Lorraine region of France.[7][8][9]
The Pennsylvania Dutch spoke Palatine German and other South German dialects, intermixing of Palatine, English, and other German dialects, which formed the Pennsylvania Dutch language as it is spoken today.[10]
Historically, "Dutch" referred to all Germanic dialect speakers, and is the origin of Pennsylvania Dutch, its English translation. The Pennsylvania Dutch name has caused confusion in recent times, as the word Dutch has evolved to associate mainly with people from the Netherlands.[11]
Geographically, Pennsylvania Dutch are largely based in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country and Ohio Amish Country.[12] The most famous Pennsylvania Dutch groups are the Fancy Dutch and the Amish.
Notable Americans of Pennsylvania Dutch descent include Henry J. Heinz, founder of the Heinz food conglomerate, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the family of American businessman Elon Musk.[13]
^Oscar Kuhns (2009). The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania A Study of the So-called Pennsylvania Dutch. Abigdon Press. p. 254.
^William J. Frawley (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2003. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 92.
^Joshua R. Brown; Simon J. Bronner (2017). Pennsylvania Germans An Interpretive Encyclopedia · Volume 63. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 3.
^University of Michigan (1956). Americas (English Ed.) Volume 8. Organization of American States. p. 21.
^United States. Department of Agriculture (1918). Weekly News Letter to Crop Correspondents. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 5.
^Achim Kopp (1999). The phonology of Pennsylvania German English as evidence of language maintenance and shift. Susquehanna University Press. p. 243.
^Janne Bondi Johannessen; Joseph C. Salmons (2015). Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 11.
^Fred Lewis Pattee (2015). The House of the Black Ring: A Romance of the Seven Mountains. Penn State Press. p. 218.
^Norm Cohen (2005). Folk Music: A Regional Exploration. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 105.
^E. H. Rauch (1879). Rauch's Pennsylvania Dutch Hand-book: A Book for Instruction. pp. V.
^Sir Richard Philips (1842). A Geographical View of the World: Embracing the Manners, Customs, and Pursuits of Every Nation: Founded on the Best Authorities. p. 3.
^Steven M. Nolt (March 2008). Foreigners in their own land: Pennsylvania Germans in the early republic. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780271034447.
^Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012). "At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
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