Global InformationPolycystic ovary syndrome information
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Hyperandrogenic anovulation (HA),[1] Stein-Leventhal syndrome[2] |
 | |
| A polycystic ovary | |
| Specialty | Gynecology, endocrinology |
| Symptoms | Irregular menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess hair, acne, pelvic pain, difficulty getting pregnant, patches of thick, darker, velvety skin[3] |
| Complications | Type 2 diabetes, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, heart disease, mood disorders, endometrial cancer[4] |
| Duration | Long term[5] |
| Causes | Genetic and environmental factors[6][7] |
| Risk factors | Obesity, not enough exercise, family history[8] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on anovulation, high androgen levels, ovarian cysts[4] |
| Differential diagnosis | Adrenal hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, high blood levels of prolactin[9] |
| Treatment | Weight loss, exercise[10][11] |
| Medication | Birth control pills, metformin, anti-androgens[12] |
| Frequency | 2% to 20% of women of childbearing age[8][13] |
Polycystic ovary syndrome, or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age.[14] The syndrome is named after cysts which form on the ovaries of some people with this condition, though this is not a universal symptom, and not the underlying cause of the disorder.[15][16]
People with PCOS may experience irregular menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess hair, acne, pelvic pain, difficulty getting pregnant, and patches of thick, darker, velvety skin.[3] The primary characteristics of this syndrome include: hyperandrogenism, anovulation, insulin resistance, and neuroendocrine disruption.[17]
A review of international evidence found that the prevalence of PCOS could be as high as 26% among some populations, though ranges between 4% and 18% are reported for general populations.[18][19][20]
The exact cause of PCOS remains uncertain, and treatment involves management of symptoms using medication.[19]
- ^ Kollmann M, Martins WP, Raine-Fenning N (2014). "Terms and thresholds for the ultrasound evaluation of the ovaries in women with hyperandrogenic anovulation". Human Reproduction Update. 20 (3): 463–464. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu005. PMID 24516084.
- ^ Legro RS (2017). "Stein-Leventhal syndrome". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 January 2021.[better source needed]
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
NICHD What are the symptoms of PCOS?was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Condition Information". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. January 31, 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
NICHD Is there a cure for PCOS?was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
De2016was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Endo2006was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
NICHD What causes PCOS?was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
NICHD How do health care providers diagnose PCOS?was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Mor2015was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Gia2009was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
NIH2014Tx1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Lub2013was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Goodman NF, Cobin RH, Futterweit W, Glueck JS, Legro RS, Carmina E (November 2015). "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and androgen excess and PCOS society disease state clinical review: guide to the best practices in the evaluation and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome-part 1". Endocrine Practice. 21 (11): 1291–1300. doi:10.4158/EP15748.DSC. PMID 26509855.
- ^ Dunaif A, Fauser BC (November 2013). "Renaming PCOS--a two-state solution". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 98 (11): 4325–4328. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2040. PMC 3816269. PMID 24009134.
Around 20% of European women have polycystic ovaries (the prevalence is even higher in some other populations) but approximately two-thirds of these women do not have PCOS
- ^ Khan MJ, Ullah A, Basit S. Genetic Basis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Current Perspectives. Appl Clin Genet. 2019 Dec 24;12:249-260. doi: 10.2147/TACG.S200341. PMID 31920361; PMCID: PMC6935309.
- ^ Crespo RP, Bachega TA, Mendonça BB, Gomes LG (June 2018). "An update of genetic basis of PCOS pathogenesis". Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 62 (3): 352–361. doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000049. PMC 10118782. PMID 29972435. S2CID 49681196.
- ^ Muscogiuri G, Altieri B, de Angelis C, Palomba S, Pivonello R, Colao A, et al. (September 2017). "Shedding new light on female fertility: The role of vitamin D". Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 18 (3): 273–283. doi:10.1007/s11154-017-9407-2. PMID 28102491. S2CID 33422072.
- ^ a b Lentscher JA, Slocum B, Torrealday S (March 2021). "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Fertility". Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 64 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000595. PMID 33337743. S2CID 229323594.
- ^ Wolf WM, Wattick RA, Kinkade ON, Olfert MD (November 2018). "Geographical Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as Determined by Region and Race/Ethnicity". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15 (11): 2589. doi:10.3390/ijerph15112589. PMC 6266413. PMID 30463276.
indigenous Australian women could have a prevalence as high as 26%