The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met.(May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The neutrality of this article's introduction is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met.(May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ottoman casualties of World War I were the civilian and military casualties sustained by the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Almost 1.5% of the Ottoman population, or approximately 300,000 people of the Empire's 21 million population in 1914,[1] were estimated to have been killed during the war. Of the total 300,000 casualties, 250,000 are estimated to have been military fatalities, with civilian casualties numbering over 50,000. In addition to the 50,000 civilian deaths, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians, 750,000 Greeks, and 300,000 Assyrians,lebanese Maronites 200,000 were systematically targeted and killed by Turkish authorities either via the military or Kurdish gangs.[2] Likewise, starting in 1916, Ottoman authorities forcibly displaced an estimated 700,000 Kurdish people westward, and an estimated 350,000 died from hunger, exposure, and disease.[3]
The post-war partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, as well as the mass migrations that occurred during and after World War I,[3] made it difficult to estimate the exact number of civilian casualties. However, the figure of military casualties is generally accepted as stated in Edward J. Erickson's Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War.
Disparity exists between Western and Turkish estimations of casualty figures. Analysis of Ottoman statistics by Turkish Dr Kamer Kasim suggests that the total percentage of Ottoman casualties amounted to 26.9% of the Empire's 1914 population. This estimate, however, is greater than numbers reported by Western sources.[4] Kasim has suggested that an additional 399,000 civilian casualties have not been accounted for by Western estimations.
Millets
Prewar
Civilian
Military
Post-War
%
1914 census[5]
Other sources
Military perished
Civilian perished
Total perished
Survived
Armenian
16.1%
1,229,227
Unknown[6][7]
Greeks
19.4%
1.792.206
Jews
.9%
187,073[5]
Assyrian
3%
Others
.9%
186,152[5]
Muslim
59.7%
12,522,280[5]
9,876,580
2,800,000 (18.6%)[2]
507,152 (5.1% of its group)[2]
Total: millets
100%
20,975,345[5]
507,152 (2.4% of its group)[2]
4,492,848
5,000,000[1]
^ abJames L. Gelvin The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War, Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0521618045 p. 77
^ abcdEdward J. Erickson (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. General Huseyin Kivrikoglu (forward). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 211. ISBN 978-0313315169.
^ abS.C Josh (1999), "Sociology of Migration and Kinship" Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 55
^Kamer Kasim, Ermeni Arastirmalari, Sayı 16–17, 2005, p. 205.
^ abcdeStanford Jay Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw "History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey" Cambridge University pp. 239–241
^*File:US State Department document on Armenian Refugess in 1921.jpg
^McCarthy, Justin (1983), Muslims and minorities: the population of Ottoman Anatolia and the end of the empire, New York: New York University press, ISBN 978-0871509635
and 25 Related for: Ottoman casualties of World War I information
The total number of military and civilian casualties in WorldWarI was about 40 million: estimates range from around 15 to 22 million deaths and about...
The Ottoman Empire came into WorldWarI as one of the Central Powers. The Ottoman Empire entered the war by carrying out a small surprise attack on the...
Ottoman Armenian casualties refers to the number of deaths ofOttoman Armenians between 1914 and 1923, during which the Armenian genocide occurred. Most...
The Ottoman Empire's entry into WorldWarI began when two recently purchased ships of its navy, which were still crewed by German sailors and commanded...
one-third of American casualties were caused by them. The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in WorldWarI. The use...
Ottoman preparations. The Ottomans suffered c. 13,000 casualties in the attack, of which 3,000 men were killed; Australian and New Zealand casualties...
During WorldWarI (1914–1918), belligerents from both the Allied Powers and Central Powers violated international criminal law, committing numerous war crimes...
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in WorldWarI (1914–1918). By the end of the first decade of the 20th century, the major European...
were one of the two main coalitions that fought in WorldWarI (1914–1918). It consisted of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and...
Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First WorldWar, p. 147 "Military Casualties-WorldWar-Estimated", Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25...
During WorldWarI, several Kurdish rebellions took place within the Ottoman Empire. The rebellions were preceded by the emergence of early Kurdish nationalism...
The aftermath ofWorldWarI saw far-reaching and wide-ranging cultural, economic, and social change across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside...
During this period, the Ottoman government engaged in genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks. In the aftermath ofWorldWarI, the victorious Allied...
and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases ofWorldWarI; this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities, and...
into WorldWarI unfolded gradually in the days leading up to July 28, 1914. The sequence of events began with Austria-Hungary's declaration ofwar on Serbia...
National Movement, after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in WorldWarI. The conflict was between the Turkish...
The use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years, but the first large-scale use of chemical weapons was during WorldWarI. They were...
began in 1683 and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. The war was a defeat for the Ottoman Empire, which for the first time lost substantial...
Italian entry into WorldWarIOttoman entry into WorldWarI Russian entry into WorldWarI Diplomatic history ofWorldWarI History of German foreign policy...
This list of military engagements ofWorldWarI covers terrestrial, maritime, and aerial conflicts, including campaigns, operations, defensive positions...