Part of the Middle Eastern theater of World War I[1]
Dersim
Botan
Nazımiye
Mazght
Pertek
Perri
Elazığ
Kharput
Mardin
Diyarbekir
Bitlis
Sulaymaniyah
Kurdish rebellions during World War I (West and Central Asia)
Date
August 1914 – October 1918
Location
Northern and southern Kurdistan
Territorial changes
De facto: Establishment of a quasi-independent Kurdish state until 1919 De jure: Territorial concessions given to Kurds in 1920, reversed in 1923
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire
Various Kurdish tribes Limited support: Russian Empire (1917)
Kurdish state (1918)
Commanders and leaders
Ahmed Izzet Pasha
Galatalı Şevket Bey
Among others
Ali Ağa Among others
Mahmud Barzanji
Casualties and losses
Unknown
Dersim, March - May 1916:
At least 400 killed
At least 200 captured
Heavy casualties
Full figures unknown
Several villages burned, destroyed or looted Large populations of Kurds displaced
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Kurdish rebellions during World War I
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v
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During World War I, several Kurdish rebellions took place within the Ottoman Empire.
The rebellions were preceded by the emergence of early Kurdish nationalism and Kurdish revolts in Bitlis in 1907 and early 1914. The primary Kurdish war aim was the creation of an independent Kurdish state, a goal that Britain and Russia promised to fulfil in order to incite Kurdish resistance. Other reasons for resistance include a fear that they would suffer the same fate as the Armenians, the desire for more autonomy, and according to Ottoman sources, banditry.
The first Kurdish rebellion was launched in August 1914, before the Ottoman entry into World War I. From 1915 to 1916, further Kurdish rebellions took place in Botan, Dersim, and south of Kiğı. 1917 saw 2 additional waves of rebellion in summer and August, the latter of which received Russian military support. Besides direct military opposition, Kurdish civilians also partook in passive resistance by assisting advancing Russian forces, hiding or adopting Armenian refugees during the genocide, and resisting Ottoman military drafts. Shortly before the Armistice of Mudros in October 1918, Mahmud Barzanji broke away from the Ottoman Empire and established a quasi-independent Kurdish state under British supervision.
British wartime promises of an independent Kurdistan were included in the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), which assigned a small amount of territory for a planned Kurdish state, but these plans were abandoned with the Turkish nationalist victory in the Turkish War of Independence and the ensuing Treaty of Lausanne (1923). Kurdish rebellions in Turkey continued after 1923 and are still ongoing in the present day.
Several villages were looted, burned or destroyed by both the Kurdish rebels and the Ottoman authorities. In reprisal to the rebellions, Ottoman authorities deported large populations of Kurds.
^Zardykhan, Zharmukhamed (2006). "Ottoman Kurds of the First World War Era: Reflections in Russian Sources". Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1080/00263200500399561. JSTOR 4284431. S2CID 145313196.
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Global Information
Ottoman Empire
Kurdish state (1918)
