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Gallipoli campaign information


"Battle of Gallipoli" redirects here. For other uses, see Battle of Gallipoli (disambiguation).
"Dardanelles Campaign" redirects here. For other uses, see Battle of the Dardanelles.

Gallipoli campaign
Part of the Middle Eastern theatre of the First World War

A collection of photographs from the campaign. From top and left to right: Ottoman commanders including Mustafa Kemal (fourth from left); Entente warships; V Beach from the deck of SS River Clyde; Ottoman soldiers in a trench; and Entente positions
Date19 February 1915 – 9 January 1916
(10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Gallipoli Peninsula, Sanjak of Gelibolu, Adrianople Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
40°14′15″N 26°16′39″E / 40.23750°N 26.27750°E / 40.23750; 26.27750
Result Ottoman victory
Territorial
changes		 Entente failure to invade the Ottoman empire from Gallipoli
Belligerents
Gallipoli campaign United Kingdom
  • Gallipoli campaign Australia
  • Gallipoli campaign New Zealand
  • Gallipoli campaign India
  • Gallipoli campaign Newfoundland
Gallipoli campaign France
  • Gallipoli campaign Algeria
  • Gallipoli campaign Tunisia
  • Gallipoli campaign West Africa
Naval support:
Gallipoli campaign Russian Empire		 Gallipoli campaign Ottoman Empire
Supported by:
Gallipoli campaign Germany[1]
Gallipoli campaign Austria-Hungary[2]
Commanders and leaders
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Ian Hamilton
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Herbert Kitchener
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John de Robeck
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland William Birdwood
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Winston Churchill
  • French Third Republic Henri Gouraud
  • French Third Republic Maurice Bailloud
  • French Third Republic Émile Guépratte
  • Ottoman Empire Enver Pasha
  • German Empire Otto von Sanders
  • Ottoman Empire Cevat Pasha
  • Ottoman Empire Mehmed Esad Pasha
  • Ottoman Empire Wehib Pasha
  • Ottoman Empire Çolak Faik Pasha
  • German Empire Erich Weber
  • Ottoman Empire Fevzi Pasha[3]
  • Ottoman Empire Cafer Tayyar Bey
  • Ottoman Empire Ahmet Fevzi Bey
  • Ottoman Empire Halil Sami Bey
  • Ottoman Empire Selâhattin Âdil Bey
  • Ottoman Empire Mustafa Kemal Bey
  • Ottoman Empire Cemil Conk
  • Ottoman Empire Yakub Shevki Bey
  • Ottoman Empire Kâzım Bey
Units involved
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
Egyptian Labour Corps[4]
Maltese Labour Corps[4]
French Third Republic Oriental Expeditionary Corps
Gallipoli campaign Imperial Russian Navy		 Ottoman Empire 5th Army
German Empire German military mission[5]
Strength

5 divisions (initial)
15 divisions (final)
Total: 489,000[6]

  • 345,000 British (including Irish, Indians and Newfoundlanders)
  • 79,000 French[7]
  • c. 50,000 Australians
  • c. 15,000 New Zealanders

Supported by:

c. 2,000 civilian labourers[4]

6 divisions (initial)
16 divisions (final)
Total: 315,500[7][8]

  • c. 700 Germans[9]
Casualties and losses

British Empire British Empire:
198,340 (31,389 killed,
9,708 missing and POW,
78,749 wounded,
78,494 evacuated sick)[10][6]
French Third Republic France:
9,000 killed & missing
18,000 wounded
20,000 evacuated sick[10]
Australia Australia:
8,709 killed
18,500 wounded
Dominion of New Zealand New Zealand:
3,431 killed
4,140 wounded[10]

Total: 300,000 (56,707 dead)[10]

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire:
255,268 (56,643 killed,
97,007 wounded or injured,
11,178 missing or POW,
69,440 evacuated sick,[11]
21,000 died of disease)[6]

Total: 255,268 (56,643 dead)[6][11]

The Gallipoli campaign, the Dardanelles campaign, the Defence of Gallipoli or the Battle of Gallipoli (Turkish: Gelibolu Muharebesi, Çanakkale Muharebeleri or Çanakkale Savaşı) was a military campaign in the First World War on the Gallipoli peninsula (now Gelibolu) from 19 February 1915 to 9 January 1916. The Entente powers, Britain, France and the Russian Empire, sought to weaken the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, by taking control of the Ottoman straits. This would expose the Ottoman capital at Constantinople to bombardment by Entente battleships and cut it off from the Asian part of the empire. With the Ottoman Empire defeated, the Suez Canal would be safe and the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits would be open to Entente supplies to the Black Sea and warm-water ports in Russia.

In February 1915 the Entente fleet failed when it tried to force a passage through the Dardanelles. The naval action was followed by an amphibious landing on the Gallipoli peninsula in April 1915. In January 1916, after eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force was withdrawn. It was a costly campaign for the Entente powers and the Ottoman Empire as well as for the sponsors of the expedition, especially the First Lord of the Admiralty (1911–1915), Winston Churchill. The campaign was considered a great Ottoman victory. In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the history of the state, a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire retreated. The struggle formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey eight years later, with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli, as founder and president.

The campaign is often considered to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness. The anniversary of the landings, 25 April, is known as Anzac Day, the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in the two countries, surpassing Remembrance Day (Armistice Day).[12][13][14]

  1. ^ Travers 2001, p. 13; Rance 2017, pp. 16–17, 54–56.
  2. ^ Jung 2003, pp. 42–43.
  3. ^ Kurtuluş Savaşı Komutanları.
  4. ^ a b c Aspinall-Oglander 1929, p. 395.
  5. ^ Rance 2017, pp. 16–17, 44–47, 55–56.
  6. ^ a b c d Erickson 2001a, p. 94.
  7. ^ a b Erickson 2001a, pp. 94–95.
  8. ^ Erickson 2015, p. 178.
  9. ^ Rance 2017, pp. 16–17.
  10. ^ a b c d Clodfelter 2017, p. 417.
  11. ^ a b Erickson 2001a, p. 327.
  12. ^ Dennis 2008, pp. 32, 38.
  13. ^ Lewis, Balderstone & Bowan 2006, p. 110.
  14. ^ McGibbon 2000, p. 198.

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