Su Nuraxi of Barumini, included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites since 1997Nuraghe Santu Antine in Torralba
History of Sardinia
Pre-Nuragic Sardinia
Nuragic civilization
Phoenician–Punic Sardinia
Sardinia and Corsica
Vandal Sardinia
Byzantine Sardinia
Sardinian Judicates
Kingdom of Sardinia
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The Nuragic civilization,[1][2] also known as the Nuragic culture, was a civilization or culture on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, Italy, which lasted from the 18th century BC [3] (Middle Bronze Age), or from the 23rd century BC,[4][5] up to the Roman colonization in 238 BC.[6][7][8] Others date the culture as lasting at least until the 2nd century AD,[9] and in some areas, namely the Barbagia, to the 6th century AD,[10][11] or possibly even to the 11th century AD.[5][12]
The adjective "Nuragic" is neither an autonym nor an ethnonym. It derives from the island's most characteristic monument, the nuraghe, a tower-fortress type of construction the ancient Sardinians built in large numbers starting from about 1800 BC.[13] Today, more than 7,000 nuraghes dot the Sardinian landscape.[a]
No written records of this civilization have been discovered,[16] apart from a few possible short epigraphic documents belonging to the last stages of the Nuragic civilization.[17] The only written information there comes from classical literature of the Greeks and Romans, and may be considered more mythical than historical.[18]
^The Nuragic Civilization in Sardinia(PDF), 2 November 2023
^Paolo Melis (2003), The nuragic civilization, retrieved 2 November 2023
^
Leighton, Robert (2022). "Nuraghi as Ritual Monuments in the Sardinian Bronze and Iron Ages (circa 1700–700BC)". Open Archaeology. 8: 229–255. doi:10.1515/opar-2022-0224. hdl:20.500.11820/cdeed7fc-54f3-48f6-9ee4-c27eaa4b2a35. S2CID 248800046.
^Cicilloni, Riccardo; Cabras, Marco (22 December 2014). "Aspetti insediativi nel versante oreintale del Monte Arci (Oristano -Sardegna) tra il bronzo medio e la prima età del ferro". Quaderni (in Italian) (25). Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Cagliari e le province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna: 84. ISSN 2284-0834.
^ abWebster, Gary; Webster, Maud (1998). "The chronological and cultural definition of Nuragic VII, AD 456-1015". Sardinian and Aegean Chronology: 383–398. ISBN 1900188821. OCLC 860467990.
^G. Lilliu (1999) p. 11[full citation needed]
^Belmuth, Miriam S. (2012). "Nuragic Culture". In Fagan, Brian M. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Vol. 1: ‘Ache’—‘Hoho’. Oxford University Press. p. 534. ISBN 9780195076189.
^Martini, I. Peter; Chesworth, Ward (2010). Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 169. ISBN 9789048194131.
^Ugas, Giovanni (2016). "Shardana e Sardegna. I popoli del mare, gli alleati del Nordafrica e la fine dei Grandi Regni". Cagliari, Edizioni Della Torre.
^Rowland, R. J. “When Did the Nuragic Period in Sardinia End.” Sardinia Antiqua. Studi in Onore Di Piero Meloni in Occasione Del Suo Settantesimo Compleanno, 1992, 165–175.
^Casula, Francesco Cèsare (2017). "Evo Antico Sardo: Dalla Sardegna Medio-Nuragica (100 a.C. c.) alla Sardegna Bizantina (900 d.C. c.)". La storia di Sardegna. Vol. I. p. 281. Da parte imperiale era dunque implicito il riconoscimento di una Sardegna barbaricina indomita se non libera e già in qualche modo statualmente conformata, dove continuava a esistere una civiltà o almeno una cultura d'origine nuragica, certo mutata ed evoluta per influenze esterne romane e vandaliche di cui nulla conosciamo tranne alcuni tardi effetti politici.
^Webster, Gary S.; Webster, Maud R. (1998). "The Duos Nuraghes Project in Sardinia: 1985-1996 Interim Report". Journal of Field Archaeology. 25 (2): 183–201. doi:10.2307/530578. ISSN 0093-4690. JSTOR 530578.
^Giovanni Lilliu (2006). "Sardegna Nuragica" (PDF). Edizioni Maestrali. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012.
^Atzeni, E.; et al. (1985). Ichnussa. p. 5.[full citation needed]
^"La civiltà Nuragica". Privincia del Sole (in Italian). 2007. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
^Monoja, M.; Cossu, C.; Migaleddu, M. (2012). Parole di segni, L'alba della scrittura in Sardegna. Sardegna Archeologica, Guide e Itinerari. Sassari: Carlo Delfino Editore.
^Cite error: The named reference Ug was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Perra, M. (1993). La Sardegna nelle fonti classiche. Oristano: S'Alvure editrice.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
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