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The European country of Italy has been inhabited by humans since at least 850,000 years ago. Since classical antiquity, ancient Etruscans, various Italic peoples (such as the Latins, Samnites, and Umbri), Celts, Magna Graecia colonists, and other ancient peoples have inhabited the Italian Peninsula.[1][2]
Italy was the birthplace and centre of the ancient Roman civilisation.[3][4] Rome was founded as a kingdom in 753 BC and became a republic in 509 BC. The Roman Republic then unified Italy forming a confederation of the Italic peoples and rose to dominate Western Europe, Northern Africa, and the Near East. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, the Roman Empire dominated Western Europe and the Mediterranean for centuries, contributing to the development of Western culture, philosophy, science and art. With the fall of Rome in AD 476, Italy was fragmented into numerous city-states and regional polities, a situation that would remain until the complete unification of the country in 1871. The maritime republics, in particular Venice and Genoa, rose to prosperity.[5][6] Central Italy remained under the Papal States, while Southern Italy remained largely feudal due to a succession of Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Spanish, and Bourbon crowns.[7][8] The Italian Renaissance spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, and art with the start of the modern era.[9]
By the mid-19th century, Italian unification, led by the House of Savoy, led to the establishment of an Italian nation-state. The new Kingdom of Italy quickly modernized and built a colonial empire, controlling parts of Africa and countries along the Mediterranean. At the same time, Southern Italy remained rural and poor, originating the Italian diaspora. In World War I, Italy completed the unification by acquiring Trento and Trieste, and gained a permanent seat in the League of Nations's executive council. Italian nationalists considered World War I a mutilated victory because Italy did not have all the territories promised by the Treaty of London (1915), and that sentiment led to the rise of the fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in 1922. During World War II, Italy was part of the Axis powers until the Italian surrender to Allied powers and its occupation by Nazi Germany with Fascist collaborators and then a co-belligerent of the Allies during the Italian resistance and liberation of Italy.
Following the end of the German occupation and the killing of Benito Mussolini, the 1946 Italian institutional referendum abolished the monarchy and became a republic, reinstated democracy, enjoyed an economic boom, and co-founded the European Union (Treaty of Rome), NATO, and the Group of Six (later G7 and G20).[10][11]
^Buti, Gianna G.; Devoto, Giacomo (1974). Preistoria e storia delle regioni d'Italia (in Italian). Sansoni Università.
^Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Guy (2018). The Peoples of Ancient Italy. de Gruyter.
^Lazenby, John Francis (1998). Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780806130040. Italy homeland of the Romans.
^Maddison, Angus (20 September 2007). Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199227211.
^Sée, Henri. "Modern Capitalism Its Origin and Evolution" (PDF). University of Rennes. Batoche Books. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013. The origin and development of capitalism in Italy are illustrated by the economic life of the great city of Florence.
^Sée, Henri. "Modern Capitalism Its Origin and Evolution" (PDF). University of Rennes. Batoche Books. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
^Smith, D. Mack (1970). Storia della Sicilia medioevale e moderna (in Italian). Bari: Laterza. pp. 27, 39, 45, 50–51, 98–108, 190–201.
^Jepson, Tim (2012). National Geographic Traveler: Italy. National Geographic Books. ISBN 9781426208614.
^Burke, P., The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries (1998)
^Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-7735-2836-9. Retrieved 13 June 2016. The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers.
^Sterio, Milena (2013). The Right to Self-Determination Under International Law: "Selfistans", Secession, and the Rule of the Great Powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). ISBN 978-0-415-66818-7. Retrieved 13 June 2016. The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.
The European country ofItaly has been inhabited by humans since at least 850,000 years ago. Since classical antiquity, ancient Etruscans, various Italic...
The genetic historyofItaly is greatly influenced by geography and history. The ancestors ofItalians were mostly Indo-European speaking peoples (such...
This is a historyof the economy ofItaly. For more information on historical, cultural, demographic and sociological developments in Italy, see the chronological...
The historyof the Jews in Italy spans more than two thousand years to the present. The Jewish presence in Italy dates to the pre-Christian Roman period...
Demographic features of the population ofItaly include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious...
Italy has a long historyof different coinage types, which spans thousands of years. Italy has been influential at a coinage point of view: the medieval...
The historyof the Italian Republic concerns the events relating to the historyofItaly that have occurred since 1946, when Italy became a republic after...
The historyof early modern Italy roughly corresponds to the period from the Renaissance to the Congress of Vienna in 1814. The following period was characterized...
Kingdom ofItaly (Italian: Regno d'Italia, Italian: [ˈreɲɲo diˈtaːlja]) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia...
military historyofItaly chronicles a vast time period, lasting from ancient Rome, through the medieval period, the Renaissance, the Italian unification...
modern historyofItaly: Italian unification (1815-1861) Historyof the Kingdom ofItaly (1861–1946) Italian Fascism Italian Colonial Empire Historyof the...
Prehistoric Italy. Date of the prehistoric era are approximate. For further background, see historyofItaly and list of prime ministers ofItaly. Millennia:...
The participation ofItaly in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions...
Latin and Italian languages), also referred to as Roman Italy, was the homeland of the ancient Romans. According to Roman mythology, Italy was the ancestral...
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe. It is located on a peninsula that extends into the middle of the...
modern state ofItaly did not come into being until 1861, though the roots of music on the Italian Peninsula can be traced back to the music of ancient Rome...
The historyofItalian fashion is a chronological record of the events and people that impacted and evolved Italian fashion into what it is today. From...
about lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) history in Italy. 5th millennium BC - Examples of homosexual eroticism in Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic...
unification ofItaly (Italian: Unità d'Italia, Italian: [uniˈta ddiˈtaːlja]), also known as the Risorgimento (/rɪˌsɔːrdʒɪˈmɛntoʊ/, Italian: [risordʒiˈmento];...
The historyof Islam in Sicily and southern Italy began with the first Arab settlement in Sicily, at Mazara, which was captured in 827. The subsequent...
The historyofItaly in the Middle Ages can be roughly defined as the time between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the Italian Renaissance...
birthplaces of art cinema and the stylistic aspect of film has been one of the most important factors in the historyofItalian film. As of 2018, Italian films...
King ofItaly (Italian: Re d'Italia; Latin: Rex Italiae) was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom ofItaly after the fall of the Western Roman Empire...
The politics ofItaly are conducted through a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system. Italy has been a democratic republic since 2 June 1946...
The economy ofItaly is a highly developed social market economy. It is the third-largest national economy in the European Union, the second-largest manufacturing...
The cultivation of cannabis in Italy has a long history dating back to Roman times, when it was primarily used to produce hemp ropes, although pollen...
Northern Italy (Italian: Italia settentrionale, Nord Italia, Alta Italia) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part ofItaly. The Italian National...
The national flag ofItaly (Italian: bandiera d'Italia, pronounced [banˈdjɛːra diˈtaːlja]), often referred to in Italian as il Tricolore (pronounced [il...
Italian colonization of Libya began in 1911 and it lasted until 1943. The country, which was previously an Ottoman possession, was occupied by Italy in...