Global InformationKingdom of Sardinia information
Kingdom of Sardinia Regnum Sardiniæ (Latin)[1] Regne de Sardenya (Catalan) Reino de Cerdeña (Spanish) Rennu de Sardigna (Sardinian) Regno di Sardegna (Italian) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1297—1861 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
  Top: Flag during the Aragonese and Spanish periods, and again c. 1324–1720[2][3][4] (longest use)
Bottom: Flag 1816–1848 during the Union with Piedmont-Savoy  Coat of arms
Aragonese-Spanish periods  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Motto: FERT (Motto for the House of Savoy) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anthem: S'hymnu sardu nationale "The Sardinian national anthem" | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1859 including conquest of Lombardy; client state in light green | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Status |
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| Capital |
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| Common languages | During the Iberian period in Sardinia: Sardinian, Corsican, Catalan and Spanish;[5] During the Savoyard period as a composite State: Also Italian (already officially used in the mainland since the 16th century via the Rivoli Edict; introduced to Sardinia in 1760[6][7][8][9]), French (officially used in the mainland since the 16th century via the Rivoli Edict), Piedmontese, Ligurian, Occitan and Arpitan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism (official)[10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Sardinian | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government |
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| King | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1324–1327 (first) | James II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1849–1861 (last) | Victor Emmanuel II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1848 (first) | Cesare Balbo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1860–1861 (last) | Camillo Benso | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Parliament (from 1848) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Upper house | Subalpine Senate (from 1848) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Lower house | Chamber of Deputies (from 1848) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages, Early modern, Late modern | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Papal investiture | 1297 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Actual establishment | 1324 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Became Habsburg | 1708 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Spanish reconquest | 1717 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Became part of Savoy | 1720 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Perfect fusion | 1848 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Loss of Savoy and Nice | 1860 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy | 17 March 1861 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1821 | 3,974,500[11] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency |
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| Today part of |
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| History of Sardinia |
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The Kingdom of Sardinia,[nb 1] also referred to as the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont[12][13] or Piedmont-Sardinia as a composite state during the Savoyard period, was a country in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century.
The kingdom was a member of the Council of Aragon and initially consisted of the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, sovereignty over both of which was claimed by the papacy, which granted them as a fief, the regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae ("kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica"[14]), to King James II of Aragon in 1297. Beginning in 1324, James and his successors conquered the island of Sardinia and established de facto their de jure authority. In 1420, after the Sardinian–Aragonese war, the last competing claim to the island was bought out. After the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, Sardinia became a part of the burgeoning Spanish Empire.
In 1720, the island and its kingdom were ceded by the Habsburg and Bourbon claimants to the Spanish throne to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. The Savoyards united it with their historical possessions on the Italian mainland, and the kingdom came to be progressively identified with the mainland states, which included, besides Savoy and Aosta, dynastic possessions like the Principality of Piedmont and the County of Nice, over both of which the Savoyards had been exercising their control since the 13th century and 1388, respectively. The formal name of this composite state was the "States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia",[15] and it was and is referred to as either Sardinia-Piedmont,[16][13] Piedmont-Sardinia, or erroneously the Kingdom of Piedmont, since the island of Sardinia had always been of secondary importance to the monarchy.[17] Under Savoyard rule, the kingdom's government, ruling class, cultural models and center of population were entirely situated in the mainland.[18] Therefore, while the capital of the island of Sardinia and the seat of its viceroys had always been de jure Cagliari, it was the Piedmontese city of Turin, the capital of Savoy since the mid 16th century, which was the de facto seat of power. This situation would be conferred official status with the Perfect Fusion of 1847, when all the kingdom's governmental institutions would be centralized in Turin.
When the mainland domains of the House of Savoy were occupied and eventually annexed by Napoleonic France, the king of Sardinia temporarily resided on the island for the first time in Sardinia's history under Savoyard rule. The Congress of Vienna (1814–15), which restructured Europe after Napoleon's defeat, returned to Savoy its mainland possessions and augmented them with Liguria, taken from the Republic of Genoa. Following Geneva's accession to Switzerland, the Treaty of Turin (1816) transferred Carouge and adjacent areas to the newly-created Swiss Canton of Geneva. In 1847–48, through an act of Union analogous to the one between Great Britain and Ireland, the various Savoyard states were unified under one legal system with their capital in Turin, and granted a constitution, the Statuto Albertino.
By the time of the Crimean War in 1853, the Savoyards had built the kingdom into a strong power. There followed the annexation of Lombardy (1859), the central Italian states and the Two Sicilies (1860), Venetia (1866), and the Papal States (1870). On 17 March 1861, to more accurately reflect its new geographic, cultural and political extent, the Kingdom of Sardinia changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy, and its capital was eventually moved first to Florence and then to Rome. The Savoy-led Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was thus the legal predecessor of the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day Italian Republic.[19]
- ^ The Kingdom was initially called Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae, in that it was originally meant to also include the neighbouring island of Corsica, until its status as a Genoese land was eventually acknowledged by Ferdinand II of Aragon, who dropped the last original bit mentioning Corsica in 1479 (Francesco Cesare, Casula. Italia, il grande inganno 1861–2011. Carlodelfino Editore. pp. 32, 49). However, every king of Sardinia continued to retain the nominal title of Rex Corsicae ("King of Corsica").
- ^ "Storia dello stemma." (in Italian). Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ^ "Bandiere degli Stati preunitari italiani: Sardegna.". Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
- ^ "Flags of the World: Kingdom of Sardinia – Part 2 (Italy).". Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
- ^ Storia della lingua sarda, vol. 3, a cura di Giorgia Ingrassia e Eduardo Blasco Ferrer
- ^ The phonology of Campidanian Sardinian : a unitary account of a self-organizing structure, Roberto Bolognesi, The Hague : Holland Academic Graphics
- ^ S'italianu in Sardìnnia, Amos Cardia, Iskra
- ^ Settecento sardo e cultura europea: Lumi, società, istituzioni nella crisi dell'Antico Regime; Antonello Mattone, Piero Sanna; FrancoAngeli Storia; pp.18
- ^ "Limba Sarda 2.0S'italianu in Sardigna? Impostu a òbligu de lege cun Boginu – Limba Sarda 2.0". Limba Sarda 2.0. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
- ^ Seiwert, Hubert (2011). Religious intolerance and discrimination in selected European countries. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 166. ISBN 978-3-643-99894-1.
In 1848, the Statute or constitution issued by King Carlo Alberto for the kingdom of Sardinia (better known as Piedmont, from its capital in Turin) proclaimed "the only State religion" the Roman Catholic one.
- ^ Cummings, Jacob (1821). An Introduction to Ancient and Modern Geography. Cummings and Hilliard. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-341-37795-2. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
- ^ "Sardinia-Piedmont, Kingdom of, 1848-1849". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Cavour and the achievement of unity (1852–61)". LItaly in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790 - 1. Routledge. 1983. doi:10.4324/9781315836836-12. ISBN 978-1-315-83683-6. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ Schena, Olivetta (2012), Gamberini, Andrea; Lazzarini, Isabella (eds.), "The kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica", The Italian Renaissance State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 50–68, ISBN 978-0-511-84569-7, retrieved 19 January 2023
- ^ Christopher Storrs, "Savoyard Diplomacy in the Eighteenth Century (1684–1798)", in Daniela Frigo (ed.), Politics and Diplomacy in Early Modern Italy: The Structure of Diplomatic Practice, 1450–1800 (Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 210.
- ^ "Sardinia-Piedmont, Kingdom of, 1848-1849". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ Carlos Ramirez-Faria (2007). Concise Encyclopeida Of World History. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 644. ISBN 978-81-269-0775-5.
- ^ "Sardinia, Historical Kingdom". 20 December 2023., Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
A.Sandulli, G.Vesperiniwas invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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