Northern Mariana citizenship and nationality information
The Marianas archipelago of the Northern Pacific contains fourteen islands located between Japan and New Guinea on a north–south axis and Hawaii and the Philippines on an east–west axis.[1][2] Inhabitants were Spanish nationals from the 16th century until the Spanish–American War of 1898.[3] As Guam became a territory of the United States the Northern Marianas were sold to Germany in 1899. The Northern Mariana Islands were a German protectorate until 1919, when they became part of the South Seas Mandate, administered by Japan.[4][5] At the close of World War II, the Marianas became part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.[6] In 1975, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands became a self-governing territory.[7][8] In 1986, the Marianas came under the sovereignty of the United States when the trusteeship ended and US nationality and citizenship was conferred on the inhabitants of the territory.[9]
Nationality is the legal means in which inhabitants acquire formal membership in a nation without regard to its governance type.[10] In addition to being United States nationals, people born in the Northern Mariana Islands are both citizens of the United States and citizens of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.[11] Citizenship is the relationship between the government and the governed, the rights and obligations that each owes the other, once one has become a member of a nation.[12] Though the Constitution of the United States recognizes both national and state citizenship as a means of accessing rights,[13][Notes 1] the Northern Mariana Islands' unique history allowed it to regulate its own immigration policies until 2009, when its nationality and immigration laws became federalized.[18]
^Carano & Sanchez 1980, p. 2.
^Adair 2011, p. 78.
^Carano & Sanchez 1980, p. xvi.
^Adair 2011, p. 77.
^Bashford 2012, p. 120.
^Johnson 1970, p. 234.
^Carrell 1991, p. 268.
^ abLin 2019, p. 1262.
^Adair 2011, p. 80.
^Villazor 2017, pp. 1707–1708.
^Adair 2011, pp. 80–81.
^Kerber 1997, p. 834.
^ abBickel 1973, p. 369.
^Lapidus 1980, p. 252.
^Vázquez 2008, pp. 622–625.
^Ginsburg 1979, p. 162.
^Carlson 2007, p. 262.
^Eugenio 2010.
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