Guam is an island in the Marianas archipelago of the Northern Pacific located between Japan and New Guinea on a north–south axis and Hawaii and the Philippines on an east–west axis.[1] Inhabitants were Spanish nationals from 1521 until the Spanish–American War of 1898, from which point they derived their nationality from United States law.[2] Nationality is the legal means in which inhabitants acquire formal membership in a nation without regard to its governance type.[3] In addition to being United States nationals, people born in Guam are both citizens of the United States and citizens of Guam.[4][5] Citizenship is the relationship between the government and the governed, the rights and obligations that each owes the other, once one has become a member of a nation.[6] Though the Constitution of the United States recognizes both national and state citizenship as a means of accessing rights,[7][Notes 1] Guam's history as a territory has created both confusion over the status of its nationals and citizenship and controversy because of distinctions between jurisdictions of the United States.[12]
^Carano & Sanchez 1980, p. 2.
^Carano & Sanchez 1980, p. xvi.
^Villazor 2017, pp. 1707–1708.
^Villazor 2017, p. 1676.
^ abLin 2019, p. 1257.
^Kerber 1997, p. 834.
^ abBickel 1973, p. 369.
^Lapidus 1980, p. 252.
^Vázquez 2008, pp. 622–625.
^Ginsburg 1979, p. 162.
^Carlson 2007, p. 262.
^Stayman 2009, pp. 7–8.
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