A neurohormone is any hormone produced and released by neuroendocrine cells (also called neurosecretory cells) into the blood.[1][2] By definition of being hormones, they are secreted into the circulation for systemic effect, but they can also have a role of neurotransmitter or other roles such as autocrine (self) or paracrine (local) messenger.[3]
The hypothalamus releasing hormones are neurohypophysial hormones in specialized hypothalamic neurons which extend to the median eminence and posterior pituitary. The adrenal medulla produces adrenomedullary hormones in chromaffin cells, cells which are very similar in structure to post-synaptic sympathetic neurons, even though they are not neurons they are derivatives of the neural crest.[4]
Enterochromaffin and enterochromaffin-like cells, both being enteroendocrine cells, are also considered neuroendocrine cells due to their structural and functional similarity to chromaffin cells, although they are not derivatives of the neural crest.[5] Other neuroendocrine cells are scattered throughout the body. Neurohormone are released by neurosecretory cells
^Purves WK, Sadava D, Orians GH, Heller HC (2001). Life: The Science of Biology (6th ed.). Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. p. 718. ISBN 978-0-7167-3873-2.
^Nelson. 2005 An Introduction To Behavioral Endocrinology, Third Edition
^Purves et al. p. 714.
^Unsicker K, Huber K, Schütz G, Kalcheim C (Jun–Jul 2005). "The chromaffin cell and its development". Neurochemical Research. 30 (6–7): 921–5. doi:10.1007/s11064-005-6966-5. PMID 16187226.
^Andrew A (June 1974). "Further evidence that enterochromaffin cells are not derived from the neural crest". Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology. 31 (3): 589–98. PMID 4448939.
A neurohormone is any hormone produced and released by neuroendocrine cells (also called neurosecretory cells) into the blood. By definition of being hormones...
crustacean neurohormone family of proteins is a family of neuropeptides expressed by arthropods. The family includes the following types of neurohormones: Crustacean...
neuroendocrine cells. Both classic hormones and neurohormones are secreted by endocrine tissue; however, neurohormones are the result of a combination between...
is typically a relaxing experience, attributed to the release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin as well as endorphins (or "endogenous morphine")...
pathway. Octopamine is often considered the major "fight-or-flight" neurohormone of invertebrates. Its name is derived from the fact that it was first...
of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, called releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn...
blood pressure in adults: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac neurohormone secreted from ventricular myocytes (ventricular muscle cells) at the...
Without its normal pigment, the shell of this species is translucent. The neurohormone [His7]-corazonin induces darkening of the cuticle of Locusta migratoria...
pancreas and injecting the derived extract reversed this condition. Neurohormones were first identified by Otto Loewi in 1921. He incubated a frog's heart...
Science in 1976, and the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones, sharing the prize that year with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Sussman...
the patient's life. Melatonin is discharged by the pineal gland as a neurohormone. Melatonin is a central hormone in the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's...
participants viewed images of baby animals. The interaction between the neurohormones oxytocin and vasopressin offer proximate explanations for why cute stimuli...
hormones from the anterior pituitary by secreting a class of hypothalamic neurohormones called releasing and release-inhibiting hormones—which are released...
worsening of sleep. Falling outside the above-mentioned categories, the neurohormone melatonin and its analogues (such as ramelteon) serve a hypnotic function...
apothecary shops in the mid-1800s. Sneader, Walter (31 October 2005). "13 Neurohormones". Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-0-470-01552-0...
wing expansion is regulated by a signal-receptor pathway, where the neurohormone bursicon interacts with its complementary G protein-coupled receptor;...
undergoes a process called apolysis, mediated by the release of a series of neurohormones. During this phase, the cuticle, a tough outer layer made of a mixture...
neurotransmitter), synthesized by tryptophan hydroxylase. Melatonin (a neurohormone) is in turn synthesized from serotonin, via N-acetyltransferase and...
A recent study reports that carbofuran is a structural mimic of the neurohormone melatonin and could directly bind to MT2 melatonin receptor (Ki = 1.7...
in 1987, melatonin was for decades thought to be primarily an animal neurohormone. When melatonin was identified in coffee extracts in the 1970s, it was...