For the form of diabetes that relates to the exocrine and digestive functions of the pancreas, see Type 3c diabetes.
Medical condition
Type 3 diabetes
Diagram showing late stages of Alzheimer's disease in the brain caused by type 3 diabetes
Specialty
Neurology
Symptoms
Memory loss, linguistic problems, mood and behavioural swings and motivational loss
Usual onset
From early childhood/adolescence onward
Duration
Long-term
Causes
type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes
Risk factors
Genetics and Lifestyle
Diagnostic method
Based on symptoms and cognitive testing after ruling out other possible causes
Prevention
Diet, physical and mental exercise, and psychological well-being
Medication
Melatonin or Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Administration (small benefit)
Frequency
Unknown
Type 3 diabetes is a proposed pathological linkage between Alzheimer's disease and certain features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.[1] Specifically, the term refers to a set of common biochemical and metabolic features seen in the brain in Alzheimer's disease, and in other tissues in diabetes;[1][2] it may thus be considered a "brain-specific type of diabetes."[3] It was recognized at least as early as 2005 that some features of brain function in Alzheimer's disease mimic those that underlie diabetes.[4] However, the concept of type 3 diabetes is controversial, and as of 2021 it was not an officially recognized diagnosis.[5]
Metabolic risk factors such as hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are common processes thought to be contributors to the development of Alzheimer's disease in people with diabetes.[6] But while insulin resistance is a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease and some other dementias, causes of Alzheimer's disease are likely to be much more complex than being explained by insulin factors on their own, and indeed several patients with Alzheimer's disease have normal insulin metabolism.[7]
The techniques used to prevent the disease in patients with diabetes are similar to individuals who do not show signs and symptoms of the disease.[8] The four pillars of Alzheimer's disease prevention[9] are currently used as a guide for individuals of who are at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. As with Alzheimer's disease more broadly, there is no cure for type 3 diabetes, but disease progression may be slowed with certain drugs.[5]
^ abKandimalla, Ramesh; Thirumala, Vani; Reddy, P. Hemachandra (May 2017). "Is Alzheimer's disease a Type 3 Diabetes? A critical appraisal". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1863 (5): 1078–1089. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.08.018. PMC 5344773. PMID 27567931.
^de la Monte, Suzanne M.; Wands, Jack R. (2008). "Alzheimer's Disease Is Type 3 Diabetes–Evidence Reviewed". Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2 (6): 1101–1113. doi:10.1177/193229680800200619. PMC 2769828. PMID 19885299.
^Cite error: The named reference Song Whitcomb Kim 2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Steen, Eric; Terry, Benjamin M.; Rivera, Enrique J.; Cannon, Jennifer L.; Neely, Thomas R.; Tavares, Rose; Xu, X. Julia; Wands, Jack R.; de la Monte, Suzanne M. (2005). "Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease – is this type 3 diabetes?". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 7 (1): 63–80. doi:10.3233/JAD-2005-7107. PMID 15750215. S2CID 28173722.
^ ab"Type 3 diabetes explained". Medical News Today. July 30, 2021.
^Moheet, Amir; Mangia, Silvia; Seaquist, Elizabeth R. (September 2015). "Impact of diabetes on cognitive function and brain structure: Impact of diabetes on brain". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1353 (1): 60–71. Bibcode:2015NYASA1353...60M. doi:10.1111/nyas.12807. PMC 4837888. PMID 26132277.
^Ferreira, Laís S. S.; Fernandes, Caroline S.; Vieira, Marcelo N. N.; De Felice, Fernanda G. (13 November 2018). "Insulin Resistance in Alzheimer's Disease". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12: 830. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00830. PMC 6277874. PMID 30542257.
^Förstl, H.; Kurz, A. (16 December 1999). "Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 249 (6): 288–290. doi:10.1007/s004060050101. PMID 10653284. S2CID 26142779.
^Khalsa, Dharma Singh; Perry, George (2017). "The Four Pillars of Alzheimer's Prevention". Cerebrum. v2017 (Mar–Apr): cer03–17. PMC 5501038. PMID 28698774.
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