For the Ankuochun military government, see Beiyang government.
National Pacification Army
Anguojun / Ankuochun
Flag of the Beiyang government and the National Pacification Army until December 1928 (Five Races Under One Union) Emblem of the National Pacification Army (Beiyang star)
Active
1926–1928
Country
China
Allegiance
Beiyang government Fengtian clique
Type
Army
Nickname(s)
"NPA"
Equipment
7.92mm Year-13 Rifle (Shisannian-shi buqiang)[1]: 65 8cm Mortars (1100 produced 1924-1928), 150mm Heavy Mortars, 37mm Infantry Guns, 75mm Field Guns, 77mm Cannons, 105mm Cannons, 150mm Howitzers, various German (Mauser) and Japanese (Arisaka) rifles[1]: 72–3
Engagements
Northern Expedition
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief (Generalissimo after June 1927)
Zhang Zuolin
Chief of Staff
Yang Yuting
Military unit
National Pacification Army
Traditional Chinese
安國軍
Simplified Chinese
安国军
Literal meaning
National Pacification Army
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Ānguójūn
Wade–Giles
An-kuo Chün
The National Pacification Army (NPA), also known as the Anguojun or Ankuochun (Chinese: 安國軍), was a warlord coalition led by Fengtian clique General Zhang Zuolin, and was the military arm of the Beiyang government of the Republic of China during its existence.
The army was formed in November 1926 after the Fengtian victory in the Anti-Fengtian War, the NPA was tasked with countering the advance of the Kuomintang (KMT)-aligned National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of Chiang Kai-shek, who had launched the Northern Expedition in June 1926.[1]: 3 In addition to its Fengtian Army core, the NPA also included Zhili clique generals, such as Sun Chuanfang.[1]: 18 The NPA suffered a series of serious military defeats inflicted by Chiang and his warlord allies, including Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren and Yan Xishan. On the southern front, the NPA was pushed back from Jiangsu and Henan after fierce fighting against the Guominjun and the NRA. On the western front, they fought Shanxi forces under Yan Xishan. Following these setbacks, a conference of NPA leaders in June 1927 established a military government and proclaimed Zhang Zuolin as Generalissimo, whereupon all military and civilian power was placed in his hands.
Despite having achieved a few victories in mid-1927 in Jiangsu and extensive victories in Shanxi, the NPA could not defeat the Kuomintang forces and soon retreated north and east of Tianjin. Following Zhang Zuolin's assassination by the Japanese Kwantung Army in the Huanggutun Incident on 4 June 1928, he was succeeded by his son, Zhang Xueliang, who disbanded the National Pacification Army and swore allegiance to the Kuomintang government in Nanjing.
^ abcdChi Man Kwong (28 February 2017). War and Geopolitics in Interwar Manchuria: Zhang Zuolin and the Fengtian Clique during the Northern Expedition. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-34084-8.
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