"Government of the Chinese Republic" redirects here. For other uses, see Republic of China (disambiguation).
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Federal parliamentary republic (1912–14, 1916–23, 1924, 1926–27) Presidential republic (1914–16, 1923–24, 1924–26, 1927–28) under military dictatorship (1927–28)
President
• 1912–1916
Yuan Shikai (first)
• 1927–1928
Zhang Zuolin (last)[note 1]
Premier
• 1912
Tang Shaoyi (first)
• 1927–1928
Pan Fu (last)
Legislature
National Assembly
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Representative
History
• Presidential inauguration of Yuan Shikai
10 March 1912
• Legislative Yuan opened meeting
8 April 1913
• May Fourth Movement
4 May 1919
• Northern Expedition started
9 July 1926
• Collapse of military government
4 June 1928
• Chinese reunification
29 December 1928
Currency
Chinese yuan
Preceded by
Succeeded by
1912: Qing dynasty
1912: Provisional Government
1916: Empire of China
1915: Empire of China
1927: Soviet Zone
1928: Nationalist government
The Beiyang government[note 2] was the internationally recognized government of the Republic of China between 1912 and 1928, based in Beijing. It was dominated by the generals of the Beiyang Army, giving it its name.
Beiyang general Yuan Shikai gave Sun Yat-sen the military support he needed to overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish the Republic of China in 1912. Through his control of the army, Yuan was quickly able to dominate the new Republic.[1] Although the government and the state were nominally under civilian control through the Republic's constitution, Yuan and his generals were effectively in charge of it. After Yuan's death in 1916, the army split into various warlord factions competing for power, leading to a period of civil war called the Warlord Era. Nevertheless, the government maintained its legitimacy among the great powers, receiving diplomatic recognition, foreign loans, and access to tax and customs revenue.
Its legitimacy was seriously challenged in 1917, by Sun Yat-sen's Guangzhou-based Kuomintang (KMT) government movement. His successor Chiang Kai-shek defeated the Beiyang warlords during the Northern Expedition between 1926 and 1928, and overthrew the factions and the government, effectively unifying the country in 1928. The Kuomintang proceeded to install its nationalist government in Nanjing;[2] China's political order became a one-party state, and the Kuomintang government subsequently received international recognition as the legitimate government of China.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).
^Gao, James Z. (2009). Historical dictionary of modern China (1800–1949). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0810863088. OCLC 592756156.
^Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2007). The Nanking atrocity, 1937–38 : complicating the picture. Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 202. ISBN 978-1845451806. OCLC 76898087.
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