Exotic atom made up of an antimuon and an electron
For atoms where muons have replaced one or more electrons, see Muonic atom. For the onium of a muon and an antimuon, see True muonium.
A muonium atom
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Muonium
True muonium
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Muonium (/ˈmjuːoʊniəm/) is an exotic atom made up of an antimuon and an electron,[1] which was discovered in 1960 by Vernon W. Hughes[2] and is given the chemical symbol Mu. During the muon's 2.2 µs lifetime, muonium can undergo chemical reactions.[3] Because, like a proton, the antimuon's mass is vastly larger than that of the electron, muonium ( μ+ e− ) is more similar to atomic hydrogen ( p+ e− ) than positronium ( e+ e− ). Its Bohr radius and ionization energy are within 0.5% of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium, and thus it can usefully be considered as an exotic light isotope of hydrogen.[4]
Although muonium is short-lived, physical chemists study it using muon spin spectroscopy (μSR),[5] a magnetic resonance technique analogous to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Like ESR, μSR is useful for the analysis of chemical transformations and the structure of compounds with novel or potentially valuable electronic properties. Muonium is usually studied by muon spin rotation, in which the Mu atom's spin precesses in a magnetic field applied transverse to the muon spin direction (since muons are typically produced in a spin-polarized state from the decay of pions), and by avoided level crossing (ALC), which is also called level crossing resonance (LCR).[5] The latter employs a magnetic field applied longitudinally to the polarization direction, and monitors the relaxation of muon spins caused by "flip/flop" transitions with other magnetic nuclei.
Because the muon is a lepton, the atomic energy levels of muonium can be calculated with great precision from quantum electrodynamics (QED), unlike in the case of hydrogen, where the precision is limited by uncertainties related to the internal structure of the proton. For this reason, muonium is an ideal system for studying bound-state QED and also for searching for physics beyond the Standard Model.[6][7]
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IUPAC (1997). "Muonium". In A.D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson (ed.). Compendium of Chemical Terminology (2nd ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications. doi:10.1351/goldbook.M04069. ISBN 978-0-86542-684-9.
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V.W. Hughes; et al. (1960). "Formation of Muonium and Observation of its Larmor Precession". Physical Review Letters. 5 (2): 63–65. Bibcode:1960PhRvL...5...63H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.5.63.
^W.H. Koppenol (IUPAC) (2001). "Names for muonium and hydrogen atoms and their ions" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 73 (2): 377–380. doi:10.1351/pac200173020377. S2CID 97138983.
^Walker, David C (1983-09-08). Muon and Muonium Chemistry. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-24241-7.
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J.H. Brewer (1994). "Muon Spin Rotation/Relaxation/Resonance". Encyclopedia of Applied Physics. 11: 23–53.
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K.P. Jungmann (2004). "Past, Present and Future of Muonium". Proceedings of the Memorial Symposium in Honor of Vernon Willard Hughes, New Haven, Connecticut, 14–15 Nov 2003: 134–153. arXiv:nucl-ex/0404013. Bibcode:2004shvw.conf..134J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.261.4459. doi:10.1142/9789812702425_0009. ISBN 978-981-256-050-6. S2CID 16164836.
^Arrell, Miriam (2022-11-29). "Studying muonium to reveal new physics beyond the Standard Model". Phys.org. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
Muonium (/ˈmjuːoʊniəm/) is an exotic atom made up of an antimuon and an electron, which was discovered in 1960 by Vernon W. Hughes and is given the chemical...
atom. For the onium of an electron and an antimuon, see muonium. In particle physics, true muonium is a theoretically predicted exotic atom representing...
suffix when present), with one exception for "muonium"; a muon–antimuon bound pair is called "true muonium" to avoid confusion with old nomenclature. Positronium...
Unlike muonium, positronium does not have a nucleus analogue, because the electron and the positron have equal masses. Consequently, while muonium tends...
lattice QCD are increasingly important tests of quantum chromodynamics. Muonium, despite its name, is not an onium state containing a muon and an antimuon...
e+ ), muonium ( e− μ+ ), and "true muonium" ( μ− μ+ ). Of these positronium and muonium have been experimentally observed, while "true muonium" remains...
Because muons decay with lifetime 2.2 µs, muonium is too unstable to exhibit observable chemistry. Nevertheless, muonium compounds are important test cases for...
other systems, such as positronium (an electron orbiting a positron) and muonium (an electron orbiting an anti-muon) by using the reduced mass of the system...
in years. Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry Hydrogen-4.1 (Muonic helium) Muonium – acts like an exotic light isotope of hydrogen Media related to Isotopes...
result of the 2011 Japanese earthquake. 2 microseconds – the lifetime of a muonium particle. 2.68 microseconds – the amount of time subtracted from the Earth's...
with a single particle orbiting a nucleus, for example a He+ ion or a muonium exotic atom. The equation must be modified based on the system's Bohr radius;...
used for the element tennessine: see above) Vi: vinyl Exotic atoms: Mu: muonium Pn: protonium Ps: positronium Hazard pictographs are another type of symbols...
a random electron and with this electron forms an exotic atom known as muonium (mu) atom. In this atom, the muon acts as the nucleus. The positive muon...
gluons (with a few exceptions with no quarks, such as positronium and muonium). Those containing few (≤ 5) quarks (including antiquarks) are called hadrons...
2011). "Kinetic Isotope Effects for the Reactions of Muonic Helium and Muonium with H2". Science. 331 (6016): 448–450. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..448F. doi:10...
that neutrinos are Majorana particles.) Walker, D.C. (1983). Muon and Muonium Chemistry. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-521-24241-7. Retrieved...
nickel-iron alloy with high magnetic permeability Muon, an elementary particle Muonium, exotic atoms made up of an antimuon and an electron Permeability (electromagnetism)...
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