Multinucleate cells (also known as multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm. Mitosis in multinucleate cells can occur either in a coordinated, synchronous manner where all nuclei divide simultaneously or asynchronously where individual nuclei divide independently in time and space. Certain organisms may have a multinuclear stage of their life cycle. For example, slime molds have a vegetative, multinucleate life stage called a plasmodium.[1]
Although not normally viewed as a case of multinucleation, plant cells share a common cytoplasm by plasmodesmata, and most cells in animal tissues are in communication with their neighbors via gap junctions.[2]
Multinucleate cells, depending on the mechanism by which they are formed, can be divided into[3][4] "syncytia" (formed by cell fusion) or "coenocytes" (formed by nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis).[5]
A number of dinoflagellates are known to have two nuclei. Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA: one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic diatom.[6]
Some bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogen of the respiratory tract, may display multinuclear filaments as a result of a delay between genome replication and cellular division.[7]
^Haindl M, Holler E (July 2005). "Use of the giant multinucleate plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum to study RNA interference in the myxomycete". Analytical Biochemistry. 342 (2): 194–9. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.031. PMID 15922285.
^Walter P, Roberts K, Raff M, Lewis J, Johnson A, Alberts B (2002). "Cell Junctions". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). ISBN 9780815332183. OCLC 807894238.
^Boyd JD, Hamilton WJ (July 1966). "Electron microscopic observations on the cytotrophoblast contribution to the syncytium in the human placenta". Journal of Anatomy. 100 (Pt 3): 535–48. PMC 1270795. PMID 5965440.
^Read ND, Roca GM (2006). "Chapter 5: Vegetative Hyphal Fusion in Filamentous Fungi". In Baluška F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW (eds.). Cell-Cell Channels. Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 87–98. ISBN 978-0-387-36058-4.
^Daubenmire, Rexford F. (1936-12-11). "The Use of the Terms Coenocyte and Syncytium in Biology". Science. 84 (2189): 533–533. doi:10.1126/science.84.2189.533.a. ISSN 0036-8075.
^Imanian B, Pombert JF, Dorrell RG, Burki F, Keeling PJ (2012). "Tertiary endosymbiosis in two dinotoms has generated little change in the mitochondrial genomes of their dinoflagellate hosts and diatom endosymbionts". Primary. PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e43763. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...743763I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043763. PMC 3423374. PMID 22916303.
^Razin S, Baron S (1996). Baron S (ed.). Mycoplasmas (4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 978-0963117212. PMID 21413254. Retrieved 2018-09-19. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Multinucleate cells (also known as multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple...
A giant cell (also known as a multinucleated giant cell, or multinucleate giant cell) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually...
σύν syn "together" and κύτος kytos "box, i.e. cell") or symplasm is a multinucleate cell that can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells...
attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination...
of spores. Spores are often produced in macroscopic multicellular or multinucleate fruiting bodies that may be formed through aggregation or fusion; aggregation...
single-celled organisms. Its thallus consists of a thin-walled, tough, multinucleate cell with a diameter that ranges typically from 1 to 4 centimetres (0...
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meeting with a fatal accident. In multicellular organisms and also in multinucleate ciliates with a Weismannist development, that is, with a division of...
formed granuloma to the left of centre. Within this area there is a multinucleate giant cell of the Langhans type. The patient had a healing mycobacterial...
muscle; and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle tissue consists of elongated, multinucleate muscle cells called muscle fibers, and is responsible for movements...
The large cell in the top center is an abnormal erythroblast: it is multinucleated, with megaloblastoid nuclear chromatin. This is diagnostic of erythroleukemia...
developmental myoblasts in a process known as myogenesis resulting in long multinucleated cells. In these cells the nuclei, termed myonuclei, are located along...
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term for cytoplasm or cytoplasm and nucleoplasm Syncytium – Type of multinucleate cell Shepherd VA (2006). The cytomatrix as a cooperative system of macromolecular...
stage of the life cycle: the plasmodium is a bright yellow macroscopic multinucleate coenocyte shaped in a network of interlaced tubes. This stage of the...
elements. Multinucleated cells contain multiple nuclei. Most acantharean species of protozoa and some fungi in mycorrhizae have naturally multinucleated cells...
as liver and skeletal muscle; it omits cytokinesis, thereby yielding multinucleate cells (see syncytium). Plant cytokinesis differs from animal cytokinesis...
large numbers of small spores, which may contain a single nucleus or be multinucleate. Mold spores can be asexual (the products of mitosis) or sexual (the...
organisms, such as nematodes. The single cell has no cell divisions but is multinucleate, having multiple nuclei. It is not known how the organism feeds or reproduces...
around 0.2 mm (1⁄64 in) thick. The endocarp is initially filled with a multinucleate liquid endosperm (the coconut water). As development continues, cellular...
fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota. Coenocytic hyphae are in essence multinucleate supercells. Many species have developed specialized hyphal structures...
A coenocyte (/ˈsiːnəˌsaɪt/) is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis, in contrast...
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than "multicellular". There are also macroscopic organisms that are multinucleate though technically unicellular, such as the Xenophyophorea that can...
the United States. Multinucleated sphere X (MSX) is caused by the protozoan Haplosporidium nelsoni, generally seen as a multinucleated Plasmodium. It is...
runs parallel to the OMM, and the cristae, which are deeply twisted, multinucleated invaginations that give room for surface area enlargement and house...
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