Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia information
Three Mongol campaigns against Islamic states in the Middle East and Central Asia
Mongol conquest of Persia & Mesopotamia
Part of the Mongol invasions and conquests
The Siege of Baghdad, in which the Mongols decisively secured their hegemony over Mesopotamia
Date
1219–1258
Location
Central Asia, Khorasan, Mesopotamia, Persia
Result
Mongol victory
Territorial changes
Iran and Central Asia subjugated to the Mongol Empire
Belligerents
Mongol Empire
Khwarazmian Empire
Abbasid Caliphate
Nizari Ismaili state
Commanders and leaders
Genghis Khan
Subutai
Jebe
Chormaqan Noyan
Hulagu Khan
Kitbuqa
Muhammad II of Khwarazm #
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu †
Inalchuq
Rukn al-Din Khurshah
Al-Musta'sim
Casualties and losses
Unknown
Heavy
v
t
e
Mongol invasions and conquests
Asia
Burma
First
Second
Central Asia
Qara Khitai
Khwarezm
China
Western Xia
Jin
Eastern Xia
Song
Western Asia
Georgia
Anatolia
Persia
Nizari state
Levant
Palestine
Other invasions
India
Japan
Java
Korea
Sakhalin
Siberia
Tibet
Vietnam
Europe
Kievan Rus
Volga Bulgaria
Cumania
Durdzuketi
Circassia
Alania
Poland (First, Second, Third)
Hungary (First, Second)
Holy Roman Empire
Bulgaria and Serbia
Latin Empire
Lithuania
Byzantine Thrace
Serbia
The Mongol conquest of Persia comprised three Mongol campaigns against Islamic states in the Middle East and Central Asia between 1219 and 1258. These campaigns led to the termination of the Khwarazmian dynasty, the Nizari Ismaili state, and the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, and the establishment of the Mongol Ilkhanate government in their place in Persia.
Genghis Khan had unified the Mongolic peoples and conquered the Western Xia dynasty in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. After a series of diplomatic provocations on the part of Muhammad II, the ruler of the neighbouring Khwarazmian Empire, the Mongols launched an invasion in 1219. The invaders laid waste to the Transoxianan cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, and Gurganj in turn, before obliterating the region of Khorasan, slaughtering the inhabitants of Herat, Nishapur, and Merv, three of the largest cities in the world. Muhammad died destitute on an island in the Caspian Sea. His son and successor, Jalal al-Din, tried to resist the Mongols, but was eventually defeated and forced into exile. Genghis returned to his campaign against the Jin dynasty in 1223, only retaining governance of the northern Khwarazmian regions.
The war had been one of the bloodiest in human history, with total casualties estimated to be between two and fifteen million people. The next three decades saw conflicts of lesser scale but equal destruction in the region. Soon after his accession to the khaganate in 1227, Ögedei Khan sent an army under Chormaqan Noyan to end Jalal al-Din's resistance and subjugate several minor polities in Persia. This was carried out gradually: al-Din was killed in 1231, with Isfahan and Maragheh being besieged and captured the same year; Irbil was captured in 1234; and Georgia was gradually subjugated and vassalised before Chormaqan's death in 1241. Several other Persian towns and cities, such as Hamadan, Ray, and Ardabil, were also captured by the Mongols.
The final stage began in 1254. On the orders of his brother, the Khagan Möngke Khan, Hulagu Khan systematically captured the fortresses of the Nizari Ismaili state in northern Persia, seizing their capital of Alamut in 1256. In 1258, Hulagu then marched on the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad; capturing the city, he ended the 500-year-old Abbasid dynasty by killing the caliph Al-Musta'sim, marking the end of the Islamic Golden Age. Persia would later become the heartland of the Mongol Ilkhanate.
and 29 Related for: Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia information
The Mongol conquest ofPersia comprised three Mongol campaigns against Islamic states in the Middle East and Central Asia between 1219 and 1258. These...
of the Qara Khitai Khanate, saw widespread devastation and atrocities. The invasion marked the completion of the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, and...
cities. Mongol troops under Chormaqan in Persia connecting his invasionof Transcaucasia with the invasionof Batu and Subutai, forced the Georgian and Armenian...
The MongolinvasionofPersiaandMesopotamia resulted in millions of deaths and ruined many cities. The early Mongol invaders were members of many faiths...
Parthian, and Sasanian Empires of classical antiquity. Once a major empire, Iran has endured invasions too, by the Macedonians, Arabs, Turks, andMongols. Iran...
monarchs of Iran (Persia) from the establishment of the Medes around 678 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. Note: Ancient Persia is generally...
the Mongols made repeated invasionsof Syria or attempts thereof. Most failed, but they did have some success in 1260 and 1300, capturing Aleppo and Damascus...
accession of his brother Möngke Khan to the Mongol throne in 1251, Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was dispatched westwards to Persia to secure the...
control of the Zengids, until Badr al-Din Lu'lu' took over from 1234 to 1259. During the final stages of the MongolinvasionofPersiaandMesopotamia, in...
Kavir and Dasht-e Lut]. — Richard N. Frye, The Golden Age ofPersia: The Arabs in the East Between the coming of the Abbasids [in 750] and the Mongol onslaught...
the territory of ancient Mesopotamia. The history ofMesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in...
under the leadership of Genghis Khan's grandson Hulagu, advanced towards Persiaand the Holy Land. City after city fell to the Mongols, including some Christian...
Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid...
successfully completed his invasionof Egypt.[citation needed] After his success in Egypt, Artaxerxes returned to Persiaand spent the next few years effectively...
invasionofMesopotamia Second invasionofMesopotamia Battle of al-Qādisiyyah Battle of Nahāvand Persian Rebellion 649-51 Arab- Turgesh wars Day of Thirst...
literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established...
activity of God Peck, Elsie H. CLOTHING viii. In Persia from the Arab conquest to the Mongolinvasion. Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 760–778. Canby et al...
Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkmenistan, Pamir and the Indus valley. Parthia was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern...
1244 – Mongolinvasionsof Anatolia 1250 to 1517 – Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 1258 – Forces of the Mongol Empire sack Baghdad and destroy the House of Wisdom...
history of Syria Military history of the Assyrian Empire Military history ofPersia Sassanid army Islamic conquest ofPersia 1251–1259 Mongolinvasionof Persia...
The Mongolinvasionsand conquests of the territory that now comprises the Republic of Azerbaijan took place during the 13th and 14th centuries and involved...
Northern and Eastern Mesopotamia, Georgia and Armenia including fifteen fortresses as well as Nisibis to Persia. 387: Armenia partitioned into Roman and Persian...
century BC, Cyrus the Great of neighbouring Persia defeated the Neo-Babylonian Empire at the Battle of Opis andMesopotamia was subsumed into the Achaemenid...
as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan and his regnal name Setsen Khan, was the founder and first emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China. He proclaimed...
tumens. By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most ofPersia, excluding Abbasid Iraq and Ismaili strongholds, and all of Afghanistan and Kashmir. Al-Musta'sim...
Turkoman warriors of the Central Asian steppes into a confederacy of tribes and led them in conquest of Khorasan and eastern Persia. He would later establish...
also known as Persiaand officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Iraq to the west and Turkey to the...
Global Information
