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Manchu
ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
Manju gisun written in Manchu script
Native to
China
Region
Manchuria
Ethnicity
Manchus
Native speakers
20 native speakers[1] (2007)[2] Thousands of second language speakers[3][4][5]
Language family
Tungusic
Southern
Jurchenic
Manchu–Xibe
Manchu
Early form
Jurchen
Writing system
Manchu alphabet
Official status
Official language in
Qing dynasty
Language codes
ISO 639-2
mnc
ISO 639-3
mnc
Glottolog
manc1252
ELP
Manchu
Manchu is classified as "Critically Endangered" by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet.
Manchu (Manchu:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ, Romanization: manju gisun) is a critically endangered East Asian Tungusic language native to the historical region of Manchuria in Northeast China.[6] As the traditional native language of the Manchus, it was one of the official languages of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China, although today the vast majority of Manchus speak only Mandarin Chinese. Several thousand can speak Manchu as a second language through governmental primary education or free classes for adults in classrooms or online.[3][4][5]
The Manchu language enjoys high historical value for historians of China, especially for the Qing dynasty. Manchu-language texts supply information that is unavailable in Chinese, and when both Manchu and Chinese versions of a given text exist they provide controls for understanding the Chinese.[7]
Like most Siberian languages, Manchu is an agglutinative language that demonstrates limited vowel harmony. It has been demonstrated that it is derived mainly from the Jurchen language though there are many loan words from Mongolian and Chinese. Its script is vertically written and taken from the Mongolian script (which in turn derives from Aramaic via Uyghur and Sogdian). Although Manchu does not have the kind of grammatical gender found in most European languages, some gendered words in Manchu are distinguished by different stem vowels (vowel inflection), as in ama, 'father', and eme, 'mother'.
^"Manchu Ethnologue". 17 December 2016. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016.
^Manchu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ ab抢救满语振兴满族文化 (in Chinese). 26 April 2015. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
^ abChina News (originally Beijing Morning Post): Manchu Classes in Remin University (Simplified Chinese)
^
Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet. Manchu (Manchu:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ...
The Tungusic languages /tʊŋˈɡʊsɪk/ (also known as Manchu-Tungus and Tungus) form a language family spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria by Tungusic...
(Manchu: ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ, Möllendorff: manju hergen, Abkai: manju hergen) is the alphabet used to write the now critically endangered Manchulanguage. A...
contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet. The Manchus (Manchu: ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ...
viewed[by whom?] as a separate language within the southern group of Tungusic languages alongside the more well-known Manchulanguage, having undergone more than...
ancestral to the Manchulanguage. In 1635 Hong Taiji renamed the Jurchen ethnicity and language to "Manchu". A writing system for Jurchen language was developed...
Manchu names are the names of the Manchu people in their own language. In addition to such names, most modern Manchus live in China and possess Chinese...
several systems for transliteration of the Manchu alphabet, which is used for writing the Manchu and Xibe languages. These include transliterations in Latin...
article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet. The Qing...
language – Lisu script The Manchus – Manchulanguage – Manchu alphabet The Mongols – Mongolian language – Mongolian alphabet The Naxi – Naxi language...
written script for the Manchulanguage based on the Mongolian vertical script. Nurhaci is written as ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ in Manchulanguage. Some suggest that the...
article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet. The Eight...
The transition from Ming to Qing or the Manchu conquest of China from 1618 to 1683 saw the transition between two major dynasties in Chinese history. It...
Manchu folk religion or Manchu traditional religion is the ethnic religion practiced by most of the Manchu people, the major Tungusic group in China. It...
The Sinicization of the Manchus is the process in which the Manchu people became assimilated into the Han-dominated Chinese society. It had occurred most...
the historic pronunciation of Manchu. A local elementary school employs Manchulanguage teachers who learned the language from some of the older residents...
Manchu Lakshmi Prasanna (born 8 October 1977) is an Indian actress, producer, and television presenter who works in Telugu cinema and worked in American...
Han, Manchu and Mongol subjects within the empire; likewise, the term 'Chinese language' was used to refer to the Manchu and Mongolian languages in addition...
Manchu Vishnu Vardhan Babu (born 23 November 1981) is an Indian actor and producer known for his works in Telugu cinema and television. Manchu had a brief...
(池上二郎): Manchu Materials in European Libraries (Yōroppa ni aru Manshūgo bunken ni tsuite; ヨーロッパにある満洲語文献について), Researches on the ManchuLanguage (満洲語研究;...
speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia, China, and Mongolia. The Tungusic language family is divided into...
"Chinese language" (Dulimbai gurun i bithe) referred to Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and the term "Chinese people" (中國人, Zhongguo ren; Manchu: Dulimbai...
article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet. Hong Taiji...
Manchu studies or Manjuristics is an academic discipline concerned with the study of the Manchulanguage, the historical texts written in it during the...
The Manchu bow (Manchu: ᠪᡝᡵᡳ, Möllendorff: beri) is a type of composite reflex bow historically used in Manchuria, and subsequently spread to China, Mongolia...
16th to 19th centuries) Manchulanguage (language of the Manchus who ruled China, 16th–20th centuries) Early Modern Dutch (language of the Dutch Golden Age...
Dr. Fu Manchu (Chinese: 傅滿洲/福滿洲; pinyin: Fú Mǎnzhōu) is a supervillain who was introduced in a series of novels by the English author Sax Rohmer beginning...
of Manchu heritage and from it, Manchu ethnic identity. Researches on Manchu Origins contained a list of corrections of transcribed Jurchen language words...
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