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Structure of nucleoprotein MA: The 50S ribosomal subunit from H. marismortui X-ray crystallographic model of 29 of the 33 native components, from the laboratory of Thomas Steitz. Of the 31 component proteins, 27 are shown (blue), along with its 2 RNA strands (orange/yellow).[1] Scale: assembly is approx. 24 nm across.[2]
The term macromolecular assembly (MA) refers to massive chemical structures such as viruses and non-biologic nanoparticles, cellular organelles and membranes and ribosomes, etc. that are complex mixtures of polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide or other polymeric macromolecules. They are generally of more than one of these types, and the mixtures are defined spatially (i.e., with regard to their chemical shape), and with regard to their underlying chemical composition and structure. Macromolecules are found in living and nonliving things, and are composed of many hundreds or thousands of atoms held together by covalent bonds; they are often characterized by repeating units (i.e., they are polymers). Assemblies of these can likewise be biologic or non-biologic, though the MA term is more commonly applied in biology, and the term supramolecular assembly is more often applied in non-biologic contexts (e.g., in supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology). MAs of macromolecules are held in their defined forms by non-covalent intermolecular interactions (rather than covalent bonds), and can be in either non-repeating structures (e.g., as in the ribosome (image) and cell membrane architectures), or in repeating linear, circular, spiral, or other patterns (e.g., as in actin filaments and the flagellar motor, image). The process by which MAs are formed has been termed molecular self-assembly, a term especially applied in non-biologic contexts. A wide variety of physical/biophysical, chemical/biochemical, and computational methods exist for the study of MA; given the scale (molecular dimensions) of MAs, efforts to elaborate their composition and structure and discern mechanisms underlying their functions are at the forefront of modern structure science.
A eukaryotic ribosome, which catalytically translate the information content contained in mRNA molecules into proteins. The animation presents the elongation and membrane targeting stages of eukaryotic translation, showing the mRNA as a black arc, the ribosome subunits in green and yellow, tRNAs in dark blue, proteins such as elongation and other factors involved in light blue, the growing polypeptide chain as a black thread growing vertically from the curve of the mRNA. At end of the animation, the polypeptide produced is extruded through a light blue SecY pore[3] into the gray interior of the ER.
^Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore PB, Steitz TA (August 2000). "The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 A resolution". Science. 289 (5481): 905–920. Bibcode:2000Sci...289..905B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.58.2271. doi:10.1126/science.289.5481.905. PMID 10937989.
^McClure W. "50S Ribosome Subunit". Archived from the original on 2005-11-24. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
^Osborne AR, Rapoport TA, van den Berg B (2005). "Protein translocation by the Sec61/SecY channel". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 21: 529–550. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.133214. PMID 16212506.
and 24 Related for: Macromolecular assembly information
The term macromolecularassembly (MA) refers to massive chemical structures such as viruses and non-biologic nanoparticles, cellular organelles and membranes...
origin. HSP60 is implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecularassembly. It may facilitate the correct folding of imported proteins, and...
focal adhesions (also cell–matrix adhesions or FAs) are large macromolecularassemblies through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted...
protein or other macromolecule such as DNA or RNA, or to complex macromolecularassemblies. Amino acids that have been incorporated into peptides are termed...
Leroux, J. C.; Leblond, J. (2011). "New pharmaceutical applications for macromolecular binders" (PDF). Journal of Controlled Release. 155 (2): 200–10. doi:10...
M (2014). "New Strategies for Integrative Dynamic Modeling of MacromolecularAssembly". In Karabencheva-Christova T (ed.). Biomolecular Modelling and...
movement of secretory vesicles, organelles, and intracellular macromolecularassemblies. They are also involved in cell division (by mitosis and meiosis)...
The phenomenon of macromolecular crowding alters the properties of molecules in a solution when high concentrations of macromolecules such as proteins...
covalent bonding or self-assembly through non-covalent interactions. Most macromolecular cages that are formed through self-assembly are sensitive to pH,...
biological processes including molecular recognition, allostery, macromolecularassembly and aggregation. Spin labelled fatty acids have been extensively...
detecting protein oligomerisation state, characterisation of complex macromolecularassemblies (ribosomes, GroEL, AAV) and protein interactions such as protein-protein...
on anthrax toxin also provides insight into the generation of macromolecularassemblies, and on protein translocation, pore formation, endocytosis, and...
Macromolecular docking is the computational modelling of the quaternary structure of complexes formed by two or more interacting biological macromolecules...
C3a and C3b, which results in a lytic pathway and formation of a macromolecularassembly of multiple proteins, termed the membrane-attack complex (MAC)...
PMID 16125414. Frank, J. (2006). Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy of MacromolecularAssemblies. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518218-9. van Heel...
important part in shaping the subsequent study of viruses and other macromolecularassemblies. The original concept was based mainly on electron microscope...
synchrotrons. Since then, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of large macromolecularassemblies has been developed. Cryo-EM uses protein samples that are frozen...
consortium, PDBe aids in the joint mission of archiving and maintenance of macromolecular structure data. UniProt is an online repository of protein sequence...
– probes the mechanical properties of individual molecules or macromolecularassemblies using small flexible cantilevers, focused laser light, or magnetic...
tomography (CAT scan), barcode scanners, electron microscopy of macromolecularassemblies like viruses and protein complexes, reflection seismology and...
proteins such as enzymes composed of a single domain, to large macromolecularassemblies such as a ribosome or a viral capsid. Protein domain dynamics...
initiation factor 3 subunits. Possible roles in RNA binding and macromolecularassembly". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (43): 27042–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.43.27042...
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