Although a wide variety of bird species have been shown to contract and spread Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, from waterfowl to poultry and birds of prey, mammalian infections have been of particular interest to researchers due to their potential to develop mutations that increase the risk of mammal-to-mammal spread and transmission to and among humans.[1][2][3]
Other influenza strains are common among mammals, including humans, but this list only shows those who have been proven to carry H5N1. In October 2022, mink became the first detected mammal able to engage in mammal-to-mammal spread of H5N1.[3]
Animal
Date detected (or publicized)
Spread amongst themselves?
Spreads to humans?
Captive or wild infection?
References
American black bear
November 2022
[4]
Amur leopard
September 2022
[4]
Artic fox
2023
Captive
[5]
Asian golden cat
2009
Captive
[1]
Beech marten
2007
Wild
[1]
Bobcat
May 2022
[4]
Bottlenose dolphin
August 2022
[4]
Caspian seal
December 2022
Under Investigation
Wild
[6]
Cat
2004
Captive
[1]
Clouded leopard
2009
Captive
[1]
Cow
March 2024
Captive
[7]
Coyote
June 2022
[4]
Dog
2004
Captive
[1]
Donkey
2009
[1]
Elephant seal
November 2023
Wild
[8]
Eurasian otter
2021
Wild
[9]
Fisher
June 2022
[4]
Fur seal
November 2023
Wild
[8]
Goat
March 2024
Captive
[10]
Grey seal
July 2022
[4]
Grizzly bear
December 2022
[4]
Harbor seal
July 2022
[4]
Human
May 1997
Wild
[11]
Kodiak bear
December 2022
[4]
Leopard
2003
Captive
[1]
Lion
2009
Captive
[1]
Mink
October 2022
Yes[2]
Captive
[3]
Owston's palm civet
2006
[1]
Pig
2004
Captive
[1]
Polar bear
December 2023
Wild
[12]
Raccoon
June 2022
[4]
Red fox
May 2021
Wild
[13]
Sea lion
November 2022
Wild
[14]
Skunk
August 2022
[4]
Striped skunk
June 2022
[4]
Tiger
2003
Captive
[1]
Virginia opossum
May 2022
[4]
^ abcdefghijklKaplan, Bryan; Webby, Richard (5 December 2013). "The avian and mammalian host range of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza". Virus Research. 178 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.004. PMC 3922066. PMID 24025480.
^ abNuki, Paul (2 February 2023). "How worried should we be about avian flu?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ abcPelley, Lauren (2 February 2023). "Bird flu keeps spreading beyond birds. Scientists worry it signals a growing threat to humans, too". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ abcdefghijklmn"2022-2023 Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Mammals". Avian Influenza. USDA APHIS. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^Schnirring, Lisa (20 July 2023). "H5N1 avian flu strikes more Finnish fur farms, second fox species". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
^Merrick, Jane (1 February 2023). "Mass death of seals raises fears bird flu is jumping between mammals, threatening new pandemic". The i newspaper. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
^Schnirring, Lisa (25 March 2024). "Sick cows in 2 states test positive for avian flu". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^ abHinds, Tom (22 January 2024). "Catastrophic Mortality of Elephant Seals in Argentina Identified as Outbreak of Avian Influenza". UC Davis. Veterinary Medecine. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
^Balla, Reemul (2 February 2023). "Bird flu found in nine otters and foxes since 2021". Sky News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
^Schnirring, Lisa (20 March 2024). "Avian flu detected for first time in US livestock". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
^"Past Reported Global Human Cases with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) (HPAI H5N1) by Country, 1997-2024". cdc.gov. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
^Weston, Phoebe (2 January 2024). "Polar bear dies from bird flu as H5N1 spreads across globe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
^Prater, Erin (8 February 2023). "The spillover of bird flu to mammals must be 'monitored closely,' WHO officials warn: 'We need to be ready to face outbreaks in humans'". Fortune. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
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