Influenza vaccines, colloquially known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses.[12][13] New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes.[12] While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza.[12][14] Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s, with large-scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945.[15][16]
Both the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over the age of six months, especially those at high risk,[12][17][18][19] and the influenza vaccine is now on the WHO's List of Essential Medicines.[20][21] The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) also recommends yearly vaccination of high-risk groups,[22] particularly pregnant women, the elderly, children between six months and five years, and those with certain health problems.[12][19]
The vaccines are generally safe, including for people who have severe egg allergies.[23] A common side effect is soreness near the site of injection. Fever occurs in five to ten percent of children vaccinated, and temporary muscle pains or feelings of tiredness may occur. In certain years, the vaccine was linked to an increase in Guillain–Barré syndrome among older people at a rate of about one case per million doses.[12] Influenza vaccines are not recommended in those who have had a severe allergy to previous versions of the vaccine itself.[12][23] The vaccine comes in inactive and weakened viral forms. The live, weakened vaccine is generally not recommended in pregnant women, children less than two years old, adults older than 50, or people with a weakened immune system.[12] Depending on the type it can be injected into a muscle, sprayed into the nose, or injected into the middle layer of the skin (intradermal).[12] The intradermal vaccine was not available during the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 influenza seasons.[24][25][26]
^ ab"AusPAR: Influenza Haemagglutinin Recombinant". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). August 23, 2021. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
^ ab"AusPAR: Inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (split virion) influenza virus haemagglutinin". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). December 2, 2020. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
^"Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). December 21, 2022. Archived from the original on April 3, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^"Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2017". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). June 21, 2022. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
^"Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2016". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). June 21, 2022. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
^"Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Supemtek". Health Canada. October 23, 2014. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
^"Regulatory Decision Summary - Flucelvax Quad". Health Canada. October 23, 2014. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^"Regulatory Decision Summary - Flucelvax Quad". Health Canada. October 23, 2014. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^"Regulatory Decision Summary - Influvac Tetra". Health Canada. October 23, 2014. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
^"Regulatory Decision Summary for Panenza (Haemagglutinin-Strain A (H1N1))". Drug and Health Products Portal. October 27, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
^ abcdefghiWorld Health Organization (November 2012). "Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 87 (47): 461–76. hdl:10665/241993. PMID 23210147.
^World Health Organization (May 2022). "Vaccines against influenza: WHO position paper – May 2022". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 97 (19): 185–208. hdl:10665/354265.
^Manzoli L, Ioannidis JP, Flacco ME, De Vito C, Villari P (July 2012). "Effectiveness and harms of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in children, adults and elderly: a critical review and re-analysis of 15 meta-analyses". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 8 (7): 851–62. doi:10.4161/hv.19917. PMC 3495721. PMID 22777099.
^Compans RW (2009). Vaccines for pandemic influenza. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 49. ISBN 978-3-540-92165-3. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
^Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control. Springer. 2014. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-662-45024-6. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
^"Who Should and Who Should NOT get a Flu Vaccine". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). October 11, 2019. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^The immunological basis for immunization series: module 23: influenza vaccines. World Health Organization (WHO). October 2017. hdl:10665/259211. ISBN 978-92-4-151305-0.
^ abCite error: The named reference pmid34448800 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Organization WH (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^Organization WH (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
^"Implementation of the Council Recommendation on seasonal influenza vaccination (2009/1019/EU)" (PDF). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. January 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
Lay summary in: "Implementation of the Council Recommendation on seasonal influenza vaccination". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. January 9, 2014.
^ ab"Flu Vaccine and People with Egg Allergies". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 25, 2019. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^"Intradermal Influenza (Flu) Vaccination". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). October 31, 2018. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^"Influenza vaccines – United States, 2019–20 influenza season". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 22, 2019. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^"Influenza Virus Vaccine Inactivated". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. November 19, 2018. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
Influenzavaccines, colloquially known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are...
2009 swine flu pandemic vaccines were influenzavaccines developed to protect against the pandemic H1N1/09 virus. These vaccines either contained inactivated...
A H5N1 vaccine is an influenzavaccine intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1. Vaccines have been formulated against several...
greater effectiveness in prevention of influenza caused by influenza B virus than the previous trivalent vaccine. However, the B/Yamagata lineage might...
against influenza. Influenza viruses, particularly influenza A virus, evolve quickly, so flu vaccines are updated regularly to match which influenza strains...
attenuated influenzavaccine (LAIV) is a type of influenzavaccine in the form of a nasal spray that is recommended for the prevention of influenza. It was...
Seasonal influenzavaccine brands include Fluzone/Fluzone Quadrivalent and Vaxigrip/VaxigripTetra, Influvac and Optaflu. Fluenz, FluMist and their quadrivalent...
human vaccine is the trivalent influenzavaccine that contains purified and inactivated material from three viral strains. Typically this vaccine includes...
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus...
updated, trivalent influenzavaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses. For...
proteins with other influenza subtypes. Seasonal influenza kills an estimated 36,000 people in the United States each year. Flu vaccines are based on predicting...
A universal flu vaccine would be a flu vaccine effective against all human -adapted strains of influenza A and influenza B regardless of the virus sub...
Common examples of live attenuated vaccines are measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, and some influenzavaccines. Viruses may be attenuated using the...
The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, also known as Hib vaccine, is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection. In countries...
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes influenza (flu), predominantly in birds. It is enzootic (maintained...
the new vaccine was ready, 1.5 million doses of seasonal influenza A vaccine were distributed for use. Ten million doses of the pandemic vaccine had been...
attenuated vaccines. Examples include IPV (polio vaccine), hepatitis A vaccine, rabies vaccine and most influenzavaccines. Toxoid vaccines are made from...
for the inactivated vaccine in a year with low influenza attack rates. Influenzavaccines are effective in reducing cases of influenza, especially when the...
detected in China and Russia. The virus was included in the 1978–79 influenzavaccine. In the 2009 flu pandemic, the virus isolated from patients in the...
trials are clinical trials concerning H5N1 vaccines, which are intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1. They are intended to...
combined business with Novartis InfluenzaVaccines as Seqirus [Sek-eer-us], creating the world's second-largest influenzavaccine company. In August 2017, the...
H1N1 influenzavaccine preparedness and response and to review the scientific and programmatic basis for the current seasonal influenzavaccine efforts...
updated trivalent influenzavaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses. The...
Great Influenza epidemic or by the common misnomer Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus...
H5 N2 is a subtype of the species Influenzavirus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus). The subtype infects a wide variety of birds, including chickens...