Lateral hypothalamus is 'LT', at right, in yellow.
Identifiers
MeSH
D007026
NeuroNames
426
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_4037
TA98
A14.1.08.929
FMA
62030
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The lateral hypothalamus (LH), also called the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA),[1] contains the primary orexinergic nucleus within the hypothalamus that widely projects throughout the nervous system;[2] this system of neurons mediates an array of cognitive and physical processes, such as promoting feeding behavior and arousal, reducing pain perception, and regulating body temperature, digestive functions, and blood pressure, among many others.[2][3][4] Clinically significant disorders that involve dysfunctions of the orexinergic projection system include narcolepsy, motility disorders or functional gastrointestinal disorders involving visceral hypersensitivity (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome),[3][5] and eating disorders.[6]
The neurotransmitter glutamate and the endocannabinoids (e.g., anandamide) and the orexin neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B are the primary signaling neurochemicals in orexin neurons;[3][4][7] pathway-specific neurochemicals include GABA, melanin-concentrating hormone, nociceptin, glucose, the dynorphin peptides, and the appetite-regulating peptide hormones leptin and ghrelin, among others.[3][8] Notably, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is colocalized on orexinergic projection neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and many output structures,[4][7] where the CB1 and orexin receptor 1 (OX1) receptors form the CB1–OX1 receptor heterodimer.[4][9][10]
^hier-409 at NeuroNames
^ abCite error: The named reference NHM Orexin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcdCite error: The named reference Orexin functions review was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcdFlores A, Maldonado R, Berrendero F (December 2013). "Cannabinoid-hypocretin cross-talk in the central nervous system: what we know so far". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 7: 256. doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00256. PMC 3868890. PMID 24391536. Direct CB1-HcrtR1 interaction was first proposed in 2003 (Hilairet et al., 2003). Indeed, a 100-fold increase in the potency of hypocretin-1 to activate the ERK signaling was observed when CB1 and HcrtR1 were co-expressed ... In this study, a higher potency of hypocretin-1 to regulate CB1-HcrtR1 heteromer compared with the HcrtR1-HcrtR1 homomer was reported (Ward et al., 2011b). These data provide unambiguous identification of CB1-HcrtR1 heteromerization, which has a substantial functional impact. ... The existence of a cross-talk between the hypocretinergic and endocannabinoid systems is strongly supported by their partially overlapping anatomical distribution and common role in several physiological and pathological processes. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this interaction. • Figure 1: Schematic of brain CB1 expression and orexinergic neurons expressing OX1 or OX2 • Figure 2: Synaptic signaling mechanisms in cannabinoid and orexin systems • Figure 3: Schematic of brain pathways involved in food intake
^Cite error: The named reference Orexin synapses onto vagus nerve – visceral hypersensitivity was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Orexin-A CNS thermo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abWatkins BA, Kim J (2014). "The endocannabinoid system: directing eating behavior and macronutrient metabolism". Frontiers in Psychology. 5: 1506. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01506. PMC 4285050. PMID 25610411. CB1 is present in neurons of the enteric nervous system and in sensory terminals of vagal and spinal neurons in the gastrointestinal tract (Massa et al., 2005). Activation of CB1 is shown to modulate nutrient processing, such as gastric secretion, gastric emptying, and intestinal motility. ... CB1 is shown to co-localize with the food intake inhibiting neuropeptide, corticotrophin-releasing hormone, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and with the two orexigenic peptides, melanin-concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamus and with pre-pro-orexin in the ventromedial hypothalamus (Inui, 1999; Horvath, 2003). CB1 knockout (KO) mice showed higher levels of CRH mRNA, suggesting that hypothalamic EC receptors are involved in energy balance and may be able to mediate food intake (Cota et al., 2003). ... The ECS works through many anorexigenic and orexigenic pathways where ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, endogenous opioids, and corticotropin-releasing hormones are involved (Viveros et al., 2008).
^Cite error: The named reference Detailed output book ref was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Thompson MD, Xhaard H, Sakurai T, Rainero I, Kukkonen JP (2014). "OX1 and OX2 orexin/hypocretin receptor pharmacogenetics". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 8: 57. doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00057. PMC 4018553. PMID 24834023. OX1–CB1 dimerization was suggested to strongly potentiate orexin receptor signaling, but a likely explanation for the signal potentiation is, instead, offered by the ability of OX1 receptor signaling to produce 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, a CB1 receptor ligand, and a subsequent co-signaling of the receptors (Haj-Dahmane and Shen, 2005; Turunen et al., 2012; Jäntti et al., 2013). However, this does not preclude dimerization.
^Jäntti MH, Mandrika I, Kukkonen JP (March 2014). "Human orexin/hypocretin receptors form constitutive homo- and heteromeric complexes with each other and with human CB1 cannabinoid receptors". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 445 (2): 486–90. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.026. PMID 24530395. Orexin receptor subtypes readily formed homo- and hetero(di)mers, as suggested by significant BRET signals. CB1 receptors formed homodimers, and they also heterodimerized with both orexin receptors. ... In conclusion, orexin receptors have a significant propensity to make homo- and heterodi-/oligomeric complexes. However, it is unclear whether this affects their signaling. As orexin receptors efficiently signal via endocannabinoid production to CB1 receptors, dimerization could be an effective way of forming signal complexes with optimal cannabinoid concentrations available for cannabinoid receptors.
and 28 Related for: Lateral hypothalamus information
from the lateralhypothalamus innervate the entirety of the remainder of the hypothalamus, with robust projections to the posterior hypothalamus, tuberomammillary...
All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. In humans, it is the size of an almond.[citation needed] The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating certain...
is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and other regions. It is not anatomically well defined, because it includes...
the strongest reward effects of stimulation. The lateralhypothalamus is a portion of the hypothalamus, and brain stimulation to this area at the level...
human brain, located predominantly in the perifornical area and lateralhypothalamus. They project widely throughout the central nervous system, regulating...
mechanism involves the loss of orexin-releasing neurons within the lateralhypothalamus (about 70,000 neurons). Some researches indicated that people with...
The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN, VMH or ventromedial hypothalamus) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. In 2007, Kurrasch et al. found...
environmental stimuli The Nucleus prepositus, which is involved in gaze The Lateralhypothalamus, which releases orexin, which, as well as its other functions, is...
pellucidum and diagonal band of Broca; the lateral habenula receives afferents from the lateralhypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, internal globus pallidus...
rodents. This nucleus is known to project inhibitory fibers to the lateralhypothalamus and participate in the control of feeding in rodents. Optogenetic...
the lateral preoptic area, the hypothalamus, and the nucleus of the diagonal band. The fibers which bypass the preoptic area and the hypothalamus travel...
hippocampus. The dorsal septum projects to the lateral preoptic area, lateralhypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus and midline thalamus. Fibers from the...
receptors in the lateralhypothalamus to inhibit hunger and the medial hypothalamus to stimulate satiety. In the lateralhypothalamus, leptin inhibits...
its other outputs include projections to the extended amygdala, lateralhypothalamus, and pedunculopontine nucleus. Striatal outputs from both the dorsal...
The lateralhypothalamus (LH) is involved in the initiation of eating. The nigrostriatal pathway, which includes the substantia nigra, the lateral hypothalamus...
from studies performed on rats, in which lesions were made on the lateralhypothalamus region in the brain. Passive aphagia: An animal with passive aphagia...
nucleus of the hypothalamus (also known as ARH, ARC, or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the...
expenditure. Experiments in the 1940s and 1950s showed that lesions of the lateralhypothalamus (LH) reduced food intake; hence, the normal role of this brain area...
culminates in death of neuronal orexin producing cells located in the lateralhypothalamus and a decrease in orexin concentrations in the cerebral spinal fluid...
tegmental area and nigrostriatal pathway. The MFB passes through the lateralhypothalamus and the basal forebrain in a rostral-caudal direction. The MFB has...
region of the hypothalamus. MeSH classifies it as part of the anterior hypothalamus. TA lists four nuclei in this region, (medial, median, lateral, and periventricular)...
Moreover, CB1 is colocalized on orexin projection neurons in the lateralhypothalamus and many output structures of the orexin system, where the CB1 and...
glutamatergic inputs from the prefrontal cortex, orexinergic inputs from the lateralhypothalamus, cholinergic and also glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs from the...
eyes. The dorsal raphe nucleus has been known to project to the lateralhypothalamus, along with the locus coeruleus and the tuberomammillary nucleus...
ZG, Song HD, et al. (2000). "Gene expression profiling in the human hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and full-length cDNA cloning". Proc. Natl. Acad...
synthesized from the AVP gene as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP. It then travels down the axon terminating in...