The lanthanide (/ˈlænθənaɪd/) or lanthanoid (/ˈlænθənɔɪd/) series of chemical elements[a] comprises at least the 14 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–70, from lanthanum through ytterbium. In the periodic table, they fill the 4f orbitals.[2][3][4] Lutetium (element 71) is also sometimes considered a lanthanide, despite being a d-block element and a transition metal.
The informal chemical symbol Ln is used in general discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide.[5] All but one of the lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell. Lutetium is a d-block element (thus also a transition metal),[6][7] and on this basis its inclusion has been questioned; however, like its congeners scandium and yttrium in group 3, it behaves similarly to the other 14. The term rare-earth element or rare-earth metal is often used to include the stable group 3 elements Sc, Y, and Lu in addition to the 4f elements.[8] All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations, Ln3+, whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius, which decreases steadily from lanthanum (La) to lutetium (Lu).
These elements are called lanthanides because the elements in the series are chemically similar to lanthanum. Since "lanthanide" means "like lanthanum", it has been argued that lanthanum cannot logically be a lanthanide, but the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) acknowledges its inclusion based on common usage.[1]
In presentations of the periodic table, the f-block elements are customarily shown as two additional rows below the main body of the table.[2] This convention is entirely a matter of aesthetics and formatting practicality; a rarely used wide-formatted periodic table inserts the 4f and 5f series in their proper places, as parts of the table's sixth and seventh rows (periods), respectively.
The 1985 IUPAC "Red Book" (p. 45) recommends using lanthanoid instead of lanthanide, as the ending -ide normally indicates a negative ion. However, owing to widespread current use, lanthanide is still allowed.
v
t
e
Lanthanides
Lanthanum57La138.91
Cerium58Ce140.12
Praseodymium59Pr140.91
Neodymium60Nd144.24
Promethium61Pm[145]
Samarium62Sm150.36
Europium63Eu151.96
Gadolinium64Gd157.25
Terbium65Tb158.93
Dysprosium66Dy162.50
Holmium67Ho164.93
Erbium68Er167.26
Thulium69Tm168.93
Ytterbium70Yb173.05
Lutetium71Lu174.97
PrimordialFrom decay SyntheticBorder shows natural occurrence of the element
^ abCite error: The named reference Greenwood&Earnshaw was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abGray, Theodore (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2.
^Lanthanide Archived 11 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
^Holden, Norman E.; Coplen, Tyler (January–February 2004). "The Periodic Table of the Elements". Chemistry International. 26 (1): 8. doi:10.1515/ci.2004.26.1.8.
^Liu, Qiong (2013). "Lanthanides and Cancer". Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins. pp. 1103–1110. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_153. ISBN 978-1-4614-1532-9.
^Jensen, William B. (2015). "The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table: an update". Foundations of Chemistry. 17: 23–31. doi:10.1007/s10698-015-9216-1. S2CID 98624395. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
^
Scerri, Eric (18 January 2021). "Provisional Report on Discussions on Group 3 of the Periodic Table". Chemistry International. 43 (1): 31–34. doi:10.1515/ci-2021-0115. S2CID 231694898.
^F Block Elements, Oxidation States, Lanthanides and Actinides Archived 31 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Chemistry.tutorvista.com. Retrieved on 14 December 2017.
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Lanthanides in the periodic table The lanthanide (/ˈlænθənaɪd/) or lanthanoid (/ˈlænθənɔɪd/) series of chemical elements comprises at least the 14 metallic...
The lanthanide contraction is the greater-than-expected decrease in atomic radii and ionic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series, from left to...
Lanthanide triflates are triflate salts of the lanthanides. These salts have been investigated for application in organic synthesis as Lewis acid catalysts...
Lanthanide chlorides are a group of chemical compounds that can form between a lanthanide element (from lanthanum to lutetium) and chlorine. The lanthanides...
Lanthanide probes are a non-invasive analytical tool commonly used for biological and chemical applications. Lanthanides are metal ions which have their...
metal that tarnishes slowly when exposed to air. It is the eponym of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium...
down each column. However, there is one notable exception, known as the lanthanide contraction: the 5d block of elements are much smaller than one would...
symbol Eu and atomic number 63. Europium is a silvery-white metal of the lanthanide series that reacts readily with air to form a dark oxide coating. It is...
Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data...
similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a "rare-earth element". Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in...
has symbol Pr and the atomic number 59. It is the third member of the lanthanide series and is considered one of the rare-earth metals. It is a soft, silvery...
LiYF4, YF3, CaF2 or oxides such as Gd2O3) doped with lanthanide ions. The most common lanthanide ions used in photon upconversion are the pairs erbium-ytterbium...
that tarnishes when exposed to air. Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series, and while it often shows the oxidation state of +3 characteristic...
Superficially lanthanide complexes are similar to those of the transition metals in that some are colored. However, for the common Ln3+ ions (Ln = lanthanide) the...
member of the lanthanide series. It is a relatively soft, silvery, fairly corrosion-resistant and malleable metal. Like many other lanthanides, holmium is...
and have a less rich coordination chemistry. Due to the effects of the lanthanide contraction, yttrium and lutetium are very similar in properties. Yttrium...
stable forms, the other being technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide. Promethium shows only one stable oxidation state of +3. In 1902 Bohuslav...
the field of chemistry that studies organolanthanides, compounds with a lanthanide-to-carbon bond. Organolanthanide compounds are different from their organotransition...
highways; see List of highways numbered 71 The atomic number of lutetium, a lanthanide The number of the French department Saône-et-Loire Nickname for the city...
Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1. (for predictions) Cotton, Simon (2006). Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Fricke, Burkhard (1975)...
rare earth metal that is malleable, and ductile. The ninth member of the lanthanide series, terbium is a fairly electropositive metal that reacts with water...
Lanthanide trichlorides are a family of inorganic compound with the formula LnCl3, where Ln stands for a lanthanide metal. The trichlorides are standard...
element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. Like the other lanthanides, its most common...
They therefore have smaller atomic radii and higher ionization energies. Lanthanide and actinide contraction (and scandide contraction): The shrinking of...
it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is the fourth member of the lanthanide series and is considered to be one of the rare-earth metals. It is a hard...
via a transmetalation cascade. Lanthanide organometallic complexes have been synthesized by RT and RTLE. Lanthanides are very electropositive elements...
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