Understanding of gas properties in terms of molecular motion
The temperature of the ideal gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its particles. The size of helium atoms relative to their spacing is shown to scale under 1,950 atmospheres of pressure. The atoms have an average speed relative to their size slowed down here two trillion fold from that at room temperature.
The kinetic theory of gases is a simple classical model of the thermodynamic behavior of gases. It treats a gas as composed of numerous particles, too small to see with a microscope, which are constantly in random motion. Their collisions with each other and with the walls of their container are used to explain physical properties of the gas—for example, the relationship between its temperature, pressure, and volume. The particles are now known to be the atoms or molecules of the gas.
The basic version of the model describes an ideal gas. It treats the collisions as perfectly elastic and as the only interaction between the particles, which are additionally assumed to be much smaller than their average distance apart.
The theory's introduction allowed many principal concepts of thermodynamics to be established. It explains the macroscopic properties of gases, such as volume, pressure, and temperature, as well as transport properties such as viscosity, thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity. Due to the time reversibility of microscopic dynamics (microscopic reversibility), the kinetic theory is also connected to the principle of detailed balance, in terms of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (for Brownian motion) and the Onsager reciprocal relations.
The theory was historically significant as the first explicit exercise of the ideas of statistical mechanics.
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was recognized long before the kinetictheoryofgases was developed (see Boyle's and Charles's laws). The ideal gas law states: p V = n R T , {\displaystyle...
T=I/I_{0}=e^{-x/\ell }} , where x is equal to the thickness of the slab. In the kinetictheoryofgases, the mean free path of a particle, such as a molecule, is the average...
dioxide). A gas mixture, such as air, contains a variety of pure gases. What distinguishes gases from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual...
In the kinetictheoryofgases in physics, the molecular chaos hypothesis (also called Stosszahlansatz in the writings of Paul Ehrenfest) is the assumption...
the inscription of Boltzmann's entropy formula: S = k ⋅ log W {\displaystyle S=k\cdot \log W} . Boltzmann's kinetictheoryofgases seemed to presuppose...
neglected pioneer of the kinetictheoryofgases. Waterston's father, George, was an Edinburgh sealing wax manufacturer and stationer, a relative of the Sandeman...
Theory of Non-uniform Gases: An Account of the KineticTheoryof Viscosity, Thermal Conduction and Diffusion in Gases, Cambridge University Press (3rd edition)...
partial account of the kinetictheoryofgases in 1820 though it was neglected by the scientific community at the time. He was the cousin of William Herapath...
the concept of absolute zero, based on observations ofgases 1738 – Daniel Bernoulli publishes Hydrodynamica, initiating the kinetictheory 1749 – Émilie...
is the amount of substance; and R {\displaystyle R} is the ideal gas constant. It can also be derived from the microscopic kinetictheory, as was achieved...
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetictheoryofgases, which he worked on sporadically throughout his career...
hold to approximation for all gases. These macroscopic gas laws were found to be consistent with atomic and kinetictheory. In 1643, the Italian physicist...
oxygen atom; H2O). In the kinetictheoryofgases, the term molecule is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition. This relaxes...
flows ofgas fuel within a jet engine. At the molecular level, gas dynamics is a study of the kinetictheoryofgases, often leading to the study ofgas diffusion...
for the kinetictheoryofgases. In this work, Bernoulli positioned the argument, still used to this day, that gases consist of great numbers of molecules...
Thermal physics is the combined study of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetictheoryofgases. This umbrella-subject is typically designed...
free path of the molecule is the product of the average speed and the mean free time. These concepts are used in the kinetictheoryofgases to compute...
everyday example of this viscosity decrease is cooking oil moving more fluidly in a hot frying pan than in a cold one. The kinetictheoryofgases allows accurate...
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